Ap Biology Cliffnotes Chp 8

Front 1

in general, ___ is about cahnges in population, species, or group of species

Back 1

evolution

Front 2

describes the details of how populations of organisms change from generation to generation and how new species originate

Back 2

microevolution

Front 3

describes patterns of changes in groups of related species over broad periods of geologic time

Back 3

macroevolution

Front 4

the evolutionary relationships among species and groups of species

Back 4

phylogeny

Front 5

What were the three important ideas about evolution from Lamarck?

Back 5

-use and disuse
-inheritance of acquired characteristics
-natural transformation of species

Front 6

described how body parts of organisms can develop with increased usage, while unused parts weakened

Back 6

use and disuse

Front 7

described how body features acquired during the lifetime of an organism could be passed on to offspring

Back 7

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Front 8

described how organisms produced offspring with changes, transforming each subsequent generation into a slightly different form toward some ultimatel higher order complexity

Back 8

natural transformation of species

Front 9

Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest"

Back 9

natural selection

Front 10

What are the five scientific disciplines that support evolution?

Back 10

paleontology
biogeography
embryology
comparative anatomy
molecular biology

Front 11

are body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor

Back 11

homologous structures

Front 12

are body parts that resemble on another in different species, not because they have evolved from a common ancestor, but because they evolved independently as adaptions to their environments

Back 12

analogous structures

Front 13

What arguments did Darwin use to support his theory of evolution?

Back 13

-populations possess an enormous reproductive potential
-population sizes remain stable
-resources are limited
-individuals compete for survival
-there is variation among individuals in a population
-much variation is heritable
-only the most fit individuals survive
-evolution occurs as favorable traits accumulate in the population

Front 14

Study the graphs of kinds of selection

Back 14

:D

Front 15

eliminates individuals that have extreme of unusual traits

Back 15

stabilizing selection

Front 16

favors traits that are at one extreme of a range of traits and traits on the opposite end are selected against

Back 16

directional selection

Front 17

What are some examples of directional selection?

Back 17

-insecticide resistance
-peppered moth

Front 18

the selection of dark-colored varieties in various species of moths as a result of industrial pollution

Back 18

industrial melanism

Front 19

occurs when the environment favors extreme or unusual traits, while selecting against the common traits

Back 19

disruptive selection (diversifying selection)

Front 20

is the differential mating of males (sometimes females) in a population

Back 20

sexual selection

Front 21

differences in appearance of males and females (leads to sexual selection as a form of disruptive selection)

Back 21

sexual dimorphism

Front 22

is a form of directional selection carried out by humans when they sow seeds or breed animals that possess desirable traits

Back 22

artificial selection

Front 23

What are 5 sources of variation?

Back 23

-mutations
-sexual reproduction
-diploidy
-outbreeding
-balanced polymorphism

Front 24

What are three ways that sexual reproduction creates variations?

Back 24

crossing over, independent assortment of homologues, and random joining of gametes

Front 25

is the presence of two copies of each chromosome in a cell

Back 25

diploidy

Front 26

mating with unrelated partners

Back 26

outbreeding

Front 27

is the maitenance of different phenotypes in a population

Back 27

balanced polymorphism

Front 28

What are three ways in which balanced polymorphism is maintained?

Back 28

heterozygote advantage
hybrid vigor
frequency-dependent selection

Front 29

occurs when the heterozygous condition bears a greater selective advantage than either homozygous condition, all three phenotypes are maintained in environment

Back 29

heterozygote advantage

Front 30

What is an example of heterozygote advantage?

Back 30

sickle-cell alleles.
heterozygous people don't have the hemoglobin problem and are resistant to malaria

Front 31

describes the superior quality of offspring resulting from crosses between two different inbred strains of plants

Back 31

hybrid vigor (heterosis)

Front 32

occurs when the least common phenotypes have a selective advantage

Back 32

frequency-dependent advantage

Front 33

What are 5 causes of changes in allele frequencies?

Back 33

-natural selection
-mutations
-gene flow
-genetic drift
-nonrandom mating

Front 34

describes the introduction or removal of alleles from the population when individuals leave or enter the population

Back 34

gene flow

Front 35

is a random increase or decrease of alleles

Back 35

genetic drift

Front 36

What are two special types of genetic drift?

Back 36

founder effect
bottleneck

Front 37

occurs when allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are, by chance, not the same as that of their population of origin

Back 37

founder effect

Front 38

occurs when the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size

Back 38

bottleneck

Front 39

occurs when the individuals choose mates based upon their particular traits

Back 39

nonrandom mating

Front 40

What are two types of nonrandom mating?

Back 40

inbreeding
sexual selection

Front 41

when the allele frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation (no evolution)

Back 41

genetic equilibrium (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)

Front 42

What are the conditions needed in order to achieve genetic equilibrium?

Back 42

-all traits are selectively neutral
-mutations don't occur
-population must be isolated from other populations
-population is large
-mating is random

Front 43

the formation of new species

Back 43

speciation

Front 44

begins when a population is divided by a geographic barrier so that interbreeding between the two resulting population is prevented (start to adapt to two separate environments)

Back 44

allopatric speciation

Front 45

is the formation of new species without the presence of a geographic border

Back 45

sympatric speciation

Front 46

What are three types of sympatric speciation?

Back 46

balanced polymorphism
polyploidy
hybridization

Front 47

is the possession of more than the normal two sets of chromosomes found in diploid cells (creates reproductive isolation)

Back 47

polyploidy

Front 48

occurs when two distinctly different forms of species mate and produce progeny along a geographic boundary

Back 48

hydridization

Front 49

is the relatively rapid evolution of many species from a single ancestor

Back 49

adaptive radiation

Front 50

Pg. 136

Back 50

pg. 138

Front 51

What are two macroevolution theories?

Back 51

phyletic gradualism
punctuated equilibrium

Front 52

argues that evolution occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes

Back 52

phyletic gradualism

Front 53

argues that evolutionary history consists of geologically long periods of statsis with little or no evolution, interrupted, or "punctuated", by geologically short periods of rapid evolution

Back 53

punctuated equilibrium

Front 54

What is the theory of the origin of life?

Back 54

-the earth and its atmosphere formed
-the primordial seas formed
-complex molecules were synthesized
-polymers and self-replicating molecules were synthesized
-organic molecules were concentrated and isolated into protobionts
-primitive heterotrophic prokaryotes formed
-primitive autotrophic prokaryotes were formed
-oxygen and the ozone layer formed and abiotic chemical evolution ended
-eukaryotes formed (endosymbiotic theory)