Ap Biology Cliffnotes Chp 6

Front 1

represents the genetic material on a chromosome that contains the instructions for creating a particular trait

Back 1

gene

Front 2

is one of several varieties of a gene

Back 2

allele

Front 3

refers to the location on a chromosome where a gene is located

Back 3

locus

Front 4

refer to a pair of chromosomes that contains the same genetic information, gene for gene

Back 4

homologous chromosome

Front 5

refers to the inheritance of two dominant alleles, dominant is expressed

Back 5

homozygous dominant

Front 6

two recessive alleles are inherited and the recessive is expressed

Back 6

homozygous recessive

Front 7

refers to the condition where the two inherited alleles are different, only dominant is expressed

Back 7

heterozygous

Front 8

is the actual expression of the gene

Back 8

phenotype

Front 9

represents the actual alleles

Back 9

genotype

Front 10

What are the two rules to describe how different chromosomes in parents assemble in offspring?

Back 10

law of segregation
law of independent assortment

Front 11

one member of each chromosome pair migrates to an opposite pole so that each gamete contains only one copy of each chromosome

Back 11

law of segregation

Front 12

the migration of homologues within one pair of homologous chromosomes to opposite poles does not influence the migration of homologues of other homologous pairs

Back 12

law of independent assortment

Front 13

is an experiment in which only one trait is being investigated

Back 13

monohybrid cross

Front 14

occurs when two traits are involved

Back 14

dihybrid cross

Front 15

when traits are expressed as if one allele is dominant to a second allele

Back 15

complete (full) dominance

Front 16

the combined expression of two different alleles in the heterozygous condition produces a blending of individual expressions of the two alleles

Back 16

incomplete dominance

Front 17

both inherited alleles are completely expressed

Back 17

codominance

Front 18

What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

Back 18

Codominance gives you both traits separately
Incomplete dominance gives you a blend of both traits

Front 19

What is an example of multiple alleles?

Back 19

blood type

Front 20

occurs when one gene affects the phenotype expression of a second gene

Back 20

epistasis

Front 21

What is an example of epistasis?

Back 21

Pigment production

Front 22

occurs when a single gene has more than one phenotypic expression

Back 22

pleiotropy

Front 23

What's a disease that is an example of pleiotropy?

Back 23

Sickle-cell disease

Front 24

the interaction of many genes to shape a single phenotype

Back 24

polygenic inheritance

Front 25

are genes that reside on the same chromosome and thus cannot segregate independently because they are physically connected

Back 25

linked genes

Front 26

What results from a greater distance between two genes?

Back 26

The more places between genes that a chromosome can break and more likely to get two genes to cross over

Front 27

Another name for x and y chromosomes

Back 27

sex chromosomes

Front 28

All other chromosomes besides sex chromosomes

Back 28

autosomes

Front 29

genes that reside on the x chromosome (y-linkage is rare but possible)

Back 29

sex-linked

Front 30

What is hemophilia and is it more common in males or females? Why?

Back 30

Disease where blood can't clot. It's found on the x chromosome so a female must inherit both in order to have hemophilia. Therefore it is more common in males

Front 31

What is x-activation and in which gender does it occur?

Back 31

When one x chromosome turns into a barr body and never becomes expressed, females

Front 32

What is an example of x-activations effects?

Back 32

Leads to carriers of diseases and multi-colored calico cats

Front 33

is the failure of one or more chromosome pairs or chromatids of a single chromosome to properly separate during meiosis or mitosis

Back 33

nondisjunction

Front 34

in which a fraction of the body cells, those descendent of a cell where nondisjunction occurs, have an extra or missing chromosome

Back 34

mosaicism

Front 35

occurs if all of the chromosomes undergo meiotic nondisjunction and produce gametes with twice the number of chromosomes

Back 35

polyploidy

Front 36

occur when a single nucleotide in the DNA of a gene is incorrect

Back 36

point mutations

Front 37

What are three different types of point mutations?

Back 37

substitution
deletion
insertion

Front 38

is a genome with extra or missing chromosomes

Back 38

aneuploidy

Front 39

What are two diseases that result from aneuploidy?

Back 39

down syndrome
turner syndrome

Front 40

What are three types of chromosomal abberations?

Back 40

duplications
inversions
translocations