Ap Biology Chpt. 6 & 7 Vocabulary

Front 1

Tight Junctions

Back 1

The membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bounded by proteins

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Desmosomes (Anchoring Junctions)

Back 2

fasten cells together in strong sheets

Front 3

Gap Junctions

Back 3

create channels from one cell to an adjacent cell; necessary for communication between cells

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Plasmodesmata

Back 4

channels where cytosol of one plant cell passes through to another and share chemical environments

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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Back 5

Made up of glycoproteins and is the animal cell version of cell walls

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Collagen

Back 6

most abundant glycoprotein. Forms strong fibers outside the cells

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Proteoglycans

Back 7

A small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached

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Fibronectin

Back 8

Bind to integrins

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Integrins

Back 9

receptor proteins on the surface of the cell

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Cell Wall

Back 10

maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water and protects plant cells

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Primary Cell Wall

Back 11

secreted by a young plant cell, relatively thin and flexible

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Middle Lamella

Back 12

Between primary walls of adjacent cells

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Secondary Cell Wall

Back 13

Has a strong durable matrix that protects and supports the plant cell

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Cytoplasmic Streaming

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a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

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Intermediate Filaments

Back 15

More permanent fixtures than microfilaments and tubules.Functions: cell tension-bearing, formation of nuclear lamina, anchors nucleus and other organelles

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Microtubules

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thickest of the 3; Functions: cell resists compression, cell motility, movement of chromosome in cell division, organelle movement

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Microfilaments

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Functions: Tension-bearing for cell, changes in cell shape, cytoplasmic streaming, pseudopodia, cell division

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Centrosome

Back 18

considered the "microtubule-organizing center"

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Centriol

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composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring. Found in Centrisome

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Basal Body

Back 20

anchors cilia and flagella to the cell

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Dynein

Back 21

A protein responsible for the bending movements of cilia and flagella

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Actin

Back 22

Makes up part of microfilament,

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Myosin

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Acts as a motor protein by means of projections (arms) that walk along the actin filaments (contractions of muscles is when actin and myosin slide past one another)

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Pseudopodia

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Help amoeba's move

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Cytoskeleton

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A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasam

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Peroxiome

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contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen to oxygen, creating hydrogen peroxide, then converting that to water

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Stroma

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Fluid outside the thylakoids

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Granum

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Thylakoids stacked on top of eachother together

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Thylakoids

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flattened interconnected sacs inside the chloroplasts. (is a membranous system)

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Choloroplasts

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contain green pigment (chlorophyll) and converts light energy to chemical energy

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Chromoplasts

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Contain pigments that give fruit and flowers their orange and yellow colors

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Amyloplasts

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colorless plastids that store starch (amylose)

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Plastids

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Amyloplasts, Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts

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Mitochondrial Matrix

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Contains enzymes, Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

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Cristae

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Infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria

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Intermembrane Space

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narrow region between inner and outer membrane

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Mitochondria

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Sites for cellular respiration and the metabolic process that produces ATP

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Food Vacuole

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Formed by phagocytosis contains digested food

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Contractile Vacuole

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pumps excess water out of the cell

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Central Vacuole

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Hold reserves of important organic compounds, plant cells main repository of inorganic ions

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Tonoplasts

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A membrane that encloses the central vacuole

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Phagocytosis

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the process of a cell eating food by engulfing it

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Lysosomes

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membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules

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Golgi Apparatus

Back 44

The center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping products of the ER

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Transport Vesicles

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Vesicles in transit from on part of the cell to another

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Glycoproteins

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Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

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Rough ER

Back 47

Membrane factory for the cell (adds membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane before transporting it to cell membrane)

Front 48

Smooth ER

Back 48

Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, and detoxification of drugs and poisons

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Endomembrane System

Back 49

Nuclear envelope, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasmamebrane

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Ribosomes

Back 50

Made of ribosomal RNA and protein; Carry out protein synthesis

Front 51

Nucleoulus

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Site inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

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Chromatin

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A complex of proteins and DNA

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Chromosomes

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Structures that carry genetic information

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Nuclear Lamina

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a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus

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Nuclear Envelope

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encloses the nucleus

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Found ONLY in Animal Cells

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Lysosomes, Centrioles, Flagella

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Found ONLY in Plant Cells

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Chloroplasts, Central vacuole, Tonoplasts, Cell Wall, Plasmodesmata

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Eukaryotic Cell

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Has true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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Prokaryotic cell

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Doesn't have a tru nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

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Nucleotide

Back 60

A concentrated region where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells

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Cell Fractionation

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to take cells apart and separate major organelles

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Scanning Electron Microscope

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Detailed view of the surface of a specimen

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Transmission Electron Microscope

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used to study internal ultrastructure of cells

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Amphipathic Model

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Having both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region

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Fluid Mosaic Model

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Membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of proteins embedded in its bilayer

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Integral Proteins

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proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer

Front 67

Transmembrane Proteins

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proteins that completely span the membrane

Front 68

Peripheral Proteins

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proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane

Front 69

Transport Proteins

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Proteins that allow hydrophilic substances to pass through the cell membrane

Front 70

Channel Proteins

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type of transport protein that have hydrophilic channel that allows hydrophilic substances to pass through like a tunnel

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Diffusion

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The tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out evenly into the available space

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Concentration Gradient

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Substances moving from high to low concentrations (aka moving down its...)

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Passive Transport

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allowing substances to diffuse through the cell membrane without using any energy

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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Tonicity

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The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

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isotonic

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Concentrations are the same as the environment surrounding it

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Hypertonic

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"Hyper=Super" more higher solute concentration in environment or in cell

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Hypotonic

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Lower concentration of solutes in environment or in cell

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Osmoregulation

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The control of water balance

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Turgid

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Very firm when plant cells are in hypertonic solution

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Flaccid

Back 81

plant cells become limp in isotonic solution

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Plasmolysis

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Cytoplasm in plant cell shrivels up but cell wall stays the same(Only in plant cells)

Front 83

Facilitated Diffusion

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Transport proteins allowing certain substances to enter the cell

Front 84

Gated Channels

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A stimulus is needed to make these channels open or close

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Active transport

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Pumping a molecule against its concentration gradient by using energy

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Membrane Potential

Back 86

the voltage across a membrane

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Electrochemical Gradient

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The combination of forces acting on an ion

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Exocytosis

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Secreting molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane/secreting molecule OUT of the cell

Front 89

Endocytosis

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When the cell takes in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane and pinching it off into the cell