Ap Biology Ch 44-48

Front 1

Population

Back 1

Group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

Front 2

Age structure

Back 2

Of a population, the number of individuala in each of several age categories.

Front 3

Demographics

Back 3

Statistics that descrive a population

Front 4

Mark-recapture sampling

Back 4

Method of estimating population size of mobile animals by marking individuals, releasing them, then checking the proportion of marks among individuals recaptured at a later time

Front 5

Plot sampling

Back 5

Method of estimating population size of organisms that do not move much by making count in small plots, and extrapolating from this to the number in the large area

Front 6

Population density

Back 6

Number of individuals per unit area

Front 7

Population distribution

Back 7

Describes whether individuals ate clumped, uniformly dispersed or randomly dispersed in an area

Front 8

Population size

Back 8

Total number of individuals in a population

Front 9

Reproductive base

Back 9

Of a population, all individuals who are of reproductive age or younger

Front 10

Biotic potential

Back 10

Maximum possible population growth rate under optimal conditions

Front 11

Emigration

Back 11

Movement of individuals out of a population

Front 12

Exponential growth

Back 12

A population grows by a fixed percentage in successive time intervals, the size of each increase is determined by the current population size

Front 13

Immigration

Back 13

Movement of individuals into a population

Front 14

Per capita growth rate

Back 14

For some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size

Front 15

Zero population growth

Back 15

Interval in which births equal deaths

Front 16

Carrying capacity

Back 16

Maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can sustain

Front 17

Density dependent factor

Back 17

Factor that limits population growth and has a greater effect in dense populations than less dense ones

Front 18

Density independent factor

Back 18

Factors that limit population growth and arises regardless of population density

Front 19

Limiting factor

Back 19

A necessary resource, the depletion of which halts population growth

Front 20

Logistic growth

Back 20

Density dependent limiting factors cause population growth to slow as population sizr increases

Front 21

Cohort

Back 21

group of Individuals boen during the same time intervals

Front 22

K selected specie

Back 22

Species adapted to a stable environmwnt, where population size is often near carrying capacity

Front 23

Life history pattern

Back 23

A set if traits related to growth,survival, and reproduction such as age soecific mortality, life span, age at first reproduction, and number of breeding events

Front 24

R selected species

Back 24

Species adapted to an environment that changes rapidly and unpredictably so popularion size is iften far below carry capacity

Front 25

Survivorship curve

Back 25

Graph showing the decline in numbers of cohort over time

Front 26

Demographic transition model

Back 26

Model describing changes in birth and death rates that occurr as a region becomes industrialized

Front 27

Ecological footprint

Back 27

Area of earth's surface required to sustainably support a particular level of development and consumption

Front 28

Replacement fertility rate

Back 28

Fertility rate at which each womenhas, on average, one daughter who survives to reproductive age

Front 29

Total fertility rate

Back 29

Average number of children the women of a populat6bear over the courr of a lifetime

Front 30

Commensalism

Back 30

Soecies unteraction that benefit one species and neither helps nor harm the other

Front 31

Habitat

Back 31

Type of environment in which a species typically lives

Front 32

Symbiosis

Back 32

One species lives in or on another in a commensal, mutualustic, or parasitic relationship

Front 33

Mutualism

Back 33

Species interaction that benefits both species

Front 34

Character displacement

Back 34

Outcome of competition between two species; similar traits that result in competition becone dissimilar

Front 35

Competitive exclusion

Back 35

Process whereby two species compete for a limiting resource, and one drives the other to local extinction

Front 36

Ecological niche

Back 36

The resources and environmental conditions that a species requires

Front 37

Interspecific competition

Back 37

Competition between two species

Front 38

Resource partitioning

Back 38

Species adapt to access different portions of a limited resource; allows species with similar needs to coexist

Front 39

Predation

Back 39

One species captures, kills, and eats another

Front 40

Camouflage

Back 40

Body coloration, patterning, from, or behavior that helps predators or prey blend with the surroundings and possiblt escape detection

Front 41

Herbivory

Back 41

An animal feeds on plant parts

Front 42

Mimicry

Back 42

A species evolves traits that make it similar in appearance to another species

Front 43

Warning coloration

Back 43

In many well-defended or unpalatable species, bright colors, patterns, and otger signals that predators learn to recognize and avoid

Front 44

Brood parasitism

Back 44

One egg-laying soecies benefits by having another raise its offspring

Front 45

Parasitism

Back 45

Relationship in which one species withdraws nutrients from another species, without immediately killing it

Front 46

Parasitoid

Back 46

An insect that lays eggs in another insect, whose young devour their host from the inside

Front 47

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Back 47

Soecies richness is greatest in communities where disturbances are moderate in their intensity or frequency

Front 48

Pioneer species

Back 48

Species that can colonize a new habitat

Front 49

Primary succession

Back 49

A new community colonizes an area where there is no soil

Front 50

Secondary succession

Back 50

A new community develops in a disturbed site where the soil that supported a previous community remains

Front 51

Exotic species

Back 51

A species that evolved in one community and later became established in a different one

Front 52

Indicator species

Back 52

A species that is especially sensitive to disturbance and can be monitored to assess the health of a habitat

Front 53

Keystone species

Back 53

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on community structure

Front 54

Area effect

Back 54

Large islands have more species than small ones

Front 55

Distance effect

Back 55

Islands close to a mainland have more species that those farther away

Front 56

Equilibrium model of island biogeography

Back 56

Model that predicts the number of species on an island based on the island's area and distance from the mainland

Front 57

Eutrophication

Back 57

Nutrient enrichment of an aquatic ecosystem

Front 58

Consumer

Back 58

Organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organiams; a heterotroph

Front 59

Decomposer

Back 59

Organism that feeds on biological remains and breaks organic material down into its inorganic subunits

Front 60

Detritivore

Back 60

Consumer that feeds on small bits of organic material

Front 61

Ecosystem

Back 61

A community interacting with its environment

Front 62

Food chain

Back 62

Description of who eats whom in one path of energy flow in an ecosystem

Front 63

Primary producer

Back 63

In an ecosystem, an organism that captures energy from an inorganic source and stores it as biomass; first trophic level

Front 64

Trophic level

Back 64

Position of an organism in a food chain

Front 65

Detrital food web

Back 65

Food web in which most energy is transferred directly from producers to detritivores

Front 66

Food web

Back 66

Set of cross connecting food chains

Front 67

Grazing food web

Back 67

Food web in which most energy is transferred from producers to grazers (herbivores)

Front 68

Biomass pyramid

Back 68

Diagram that depicts the biomass ( dry weight ) in each of an ecosystem’s trophic levels

Front 69

Energy pyramid

Back 69

Diagram that depicts the energy that enters each of an ecosystem’s trophic levels. Lowest tier of the pyramid, representing primary producers, is always the largest

Front 70

Primary production

Back 70

The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store energy

Front 71

Biogeochemical cycle

Back 71

A nutrient moves among environmental reservoirs and into and out of food webs

Front 72

Aquifer

Back 72

Porous rock layers that holds some groundwater

Front 73

Groundwater

Back 73

Soil water and water in aquifers

Front 74

Runoff

Back 74

Water that flows over soil particles

Front 75

Water cycle

Back 75

Movement of water among earth's atmosphere, oceans, abd freshwater reservoirs

Front 76

Watershed

Back 76

Land area that drains into a particular stream or river

Front 77

Atmospheric cycle

Back 77

Biogeochemical cycle in which a gaseous form of an element plays a significant role

Front 78

Carbon cycle

Back 78

Movement of carbon, mainly between the oceans, atmosphere, and living organisms

Front 79

Global climate change

Back 79

A longterm chanfe in earth's climate

Front 80

Greenhouse gas

Back 80

Atmospheric gas that absorbs heat emitted by earth's surface and remits it, thus keeping the planet warm

Front 81

Ammonification

Back 81

Breakdown of nitrogen containing organic material resulting in the release of ammonia and ammonium ions

Front 82

Denitrification

Back 82

Conversion of nitrates or nitrites to gaseous forms of nitrogen

Front 83

Nitrification

Back 83

Conversion of ammonium to nitrates

Front 84

Nitrogen cycle

Back 84

Movement of nitrogen among the atmosphere, soil, and water, and into and out of food webs

Front 85

Nitrogen fixation

Back 85

Incorporation of nitrogen from nitrogen gas into ammonia

Front 86

Phosphorus cycle

Back 86

Movement of phosphorus amonf earth's rocks and waters, and into and out of food webs

Front 87

Sedimentary cycle

Back 87

Biogeochemical cycle in which the atmosphere plays little role and rocks are the major reservoir

Front 88

Stem cell

Back 88

Cell capable of replication or of differentiation into some or all cell types

Front 89

Extracellular fluid

Back 89

Of a multicelled organism, body fluid that is not inside cells, serves as the body's internal environment

Front 90

Interstitial fluid

Back 90

Of a multicelled organism, body fluid in spaces between cells

Front 91

Basement membrane

Back 91

Secreted material that attaches epithelium to an underlying tissue

Front 92

Endocrine gland

Back 92

Ductless gland that secretes hormones into a body fluid

Front 93

Epithelial tissue

Back 93

Sheetlike animal tissue that covers outer body surfaces and lines internal tubes and cavities

Front 94

Exocrine gland

Back 94

Glad that secretes milk, sweat, saliva, or some other substance through a duct

Front 95

Gland cell

Back 95

Secretory epithelial cell

Front 96

Microvilli

Back 96

Thin projections from the plasma memebrane of some epithelial cells, increase the cell's surface area

Front 97

Adipose tissue

Back 97

Connective tissue that specializes in fat storage

Front 98

Blood

Back 98

Circulatory fluid; in vertebrates it is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Front 99

Bone tissue

Back 99

Connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own secretions

Front 100

Cartilage

Back 100

Connective tissue consistinf of cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of their own secretions

Front 101

Connective tissue

Back 101

Animal tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix; structurally and functionally supports other tissues

Front 102

Cardiac muscle tissue

Back 102

Muscle of the heart wall

Front 103

Skeletal muscle tissue

Back 103

Muscle that pulls on bones and moves body parts; under vikuntary control

Front 104

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 104

Muscle that lines blood vessels and forms the wall of hollow organs

Front 105

Nervous tissue

Back 105

Animal tissue composed and supporting cells; detects stimuli and controls responses to them

Front 106

Neuroglial cell

Back 106

Cell that supports and assists neurons

Front 107

Neuron

Back 107

On of the cells that make up communication lines if a nervous system; transmits electrical signals along its plasma membrane and communicates with other cells theough chemical messages

Front 108

Dermis

Back 108

Deep layer of skin that consists of connective tissue with neeves and blood vessels running through it

Front 109

Epidermis

Back 109

Outermost tissue layer; in animals, the epithelial layer of skin

Front 110

Negative feedback

Back 110

A change causes a response that reverses the change; important mechanism of homeostasis

Front 111

Sensory receptor

Back 111

Cell or cell component that detects a specific type of stimulus

Front 112

Biodiversity

Back 112

Of a region, the genetic variation within its species, variety of soecies, and variety of Ecosystems

Front 113

Conservation biology

Back 113

Field of applied biology that surveys and documents biodiversity, and seeks ways to maintain and use it

Front 114

Ecological restoration

Back 114

Actively altering an area in an effort to restore or create a functional ecosystem

Front 115

Biodiversity hotspot

Back 115

Threathened region with great biodiversity that is considered a high priority for conservation efforts

Front 116

Phylogeny

Back 116

Evolutionary history of a species or group of species

Front 117

Cladogram

Back 117

Evolutionary tree diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among clades