Ap Biology

Front 1

1. Who was von Frish, Lorenz and Tinbergen

Back 1

Ethologist who established the conceptual foundations on behavioral ecology. Tinbergen suggested four questions.
1. What is the mechanistic basis of the behavior, including chemical, anatomical, and physiological mechanisms?
2. How does development of the animal , from zygote to mature individual, influence the behavior?
3. What is the evolutionary history of the behavior?
4. How does the behavior contribute to suvival and reproduction (fitness)?
First two include proximate ques. The second two are ulimate or evolutionary, questions

Front 2

What were their inquiry questions about behavior?

Back 2

questions; physiological “how”Ultimate questions: evolutionary “why”

Front 3

Describe Fixed Action Pattern behavior.

Back 3

A sequence of unlearned behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable: triggered by an external sensory stimulus known as a sign stimulus: stickelback has a red underside which attacks males who invade its nesting territory.

Front 4

What is imprinting and when does it happen.

Back 4

A type of behavior that includes both learning and innate components and is generally irreversible. Imprinting is distinguished from other types of learning by having a sensitive period; phase in an animals development that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned.

Front 5

Provide an example of imprinting.

Back 5

Examp: young geese following their mother . during the sensitive period of bonding the young imprint on their parent and learn the basic behaviors of their species . Gulls period last one or two days and if bonding does not occur the infant dies; Lorenz gosplings spent first few hours with , imprinted on him showed no recognition of their own

Front 6

Describe Kinesis.

Back 6

Is a simple change in activity or turning rate in response to at stimulate: sow bug becomes more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas.

Front 7

Provide an example of taxis in plants.

Back 7

Is a more or less automatic, originated movement toward (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis) some stimulus;
Positive rheotaxiss keeps trout facing into the current, the direction from which food comes too.

Front 8

What role does migration serve?

Back 8

Genetic control over resources

Front 9

What is the difference between signaling and communication?

Back 9

Signal is a behavior that causes a chinge in another animals behavior. Communication, transmisson, reception and signals an essential element of interactions between individuals.

Front 10

What are pheromones and what do they do.

Back 10

Communication through odors emit chemical substance, relation to reproduction behavior or a relation to a nonreproductive behavior to alarm other organisms.

Front 11

Describe Drosophila’s use of auditory communication ( and why they “bug” me

Back 11

Drosophila’s; males produce a song vibrating their wings females are able to recognize the intervals between the pulse of the wing vibrations , rythem and the length.

Front 12

Explain the causes of mating behavior in prairie voles.

Back 12

Monogamous; male praire voles forms a stronged pair bond with their mate, unmated male (little aggression) but mated voles ( intensely aggressive) toward any strange male or female ; birth of pups( hover and protect them) AVP*

Front 13

How do neurotansmitters affect social aggressive behavior?

Back 13

Released during mating, might mediate both pairbond formation and aggressioon by male praire voles. In the central nervous system, AVP binds with a receptor called the V1a receptor.

Front 14

Define learning

Back 14

Modification of behavior based on specific experiences.

Front 15

What is spatial learning?

Back 15

Modification of behavior based on experiences with the spatial structure of the enviroment; nest sites, hazards, foods, and prospective males.

Front 16

What is the game theory?

Back 16

Evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on each individuals strategy but also on the strategies of other individuals;Complex evolutionary problems in which relative perfomance to understand evoloution behavior

Front 17

Describe how males compete with other males

Back 17

Intrasexual selection; male competition for mates/ agonistic behavior, variation among males in specific species

Front 18

How are cognitive maps used by woodpeckers? Give an example of a cognitive map used by humans.

Back 18

Internal representationof spatial relationships between objects in animals surroundings. Store nusts in as many as thousands of caches that may be widely dispersed. Relocate eache cache, also keep track of food quality.

Front 19

What is classical conditioning? Give an example

Back 19

Condition associatied with a reward or punishment, the electric shock. Research team trained Drosophila flies to avoid air carrying a particular scent by coupling exposure to the oder with an elextric shock.

Front 20

What is operant conditioning? Give an example

Back 20

Animal associates one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment ; repeats or avoid that behavior. Mouse eating a nasty caterpillar, predator learn to associate certain kinds prey with painful experiences; monitors accordingly

Front 21

How are classical and operant alike? How are classical and operant conditioning different?

Back 21

In an classical and operant they both deal with modification in behavior; information of enviroment. A classical relies on a natural signal/ reaction when it constantly repeats a condition. In an operant it takes the painful experiance of a substance and uses that as memory learning tool so it doesn’t repeat the same mistake.

Front 22

How does enviroment affect the learning of songs in sparrows? ( I did research in this, so be careful of your answer!)

Back 22

Songs are innate; genetics. If sparrows are isolated for the first 50 days of life and unable to hear sparrows it fails to develop the adult songs of its species, they must learn the songs they will sing as adults.

Front 23

How could natural selection lead to food preference in T.elegans (garter snake)

Back 23

Inland snakes do not like slugs but coastal does. This occurs because when inland snakes took advantage of the abundant food supply chemoreception did not respond to the slug as prey/ maybe influence of natural habitat

Front 24

How does natural selection lead to aggressive behavior of A. aperta(funnel- web spiders)

Back 24

Gentic difference between the two populations or a learned response to living in a food-poor enviroment because of high density of predation the need of aggresion is more effective to catch a pray

Front 25

Describe the results of the blackcap(birds) migration experiment.

Back 25

Genetic bases for migratory orientation milder winter climate in birtain and improved winter food partly due to widespread use of winter bird feeders in britian.

Front 26

Describe the promiscuous, polygamous and monogamous mating systems found in animals

Back 26

Promiscuous; no lasting relationship , Polygamous; an individual of a sex mating with several others.Monogamous; a male mating with a female