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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acidic
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having an excess of hydrogen atoms, having a pH of less than 7
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basic
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containing more OH- ions than H+ ions, pH greater than 7.
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carbohydrates
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mono-, di-. poly- saccharides
startch, cellulose, glycogen --> storage forms of sugar |
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protiens
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made of amino acids, have an R, amino, and carboxyl group
peptide bonds: bond between 2 amino acids |
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lipids
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fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
glycerol head- fatty acid tails saturated fats have double bonds phospholipids: hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads |
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nucleic acids
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2 kinds: deoxyribose (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA)
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Elements
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Substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions
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96% of all mass is made up of what four elements?
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Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (CHON) |
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Hydrogen bond
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A weak chemical bond formed when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom which is attracted to another electronegative atom.
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Properties of Water
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Polar and can dissolve other polar substances
Cohesiveness (pulls) and Adhesiveness (sticks) High heat capacity High surface tesion |
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Dehydration synthesis
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Loss of a water molecule to form a bond
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4 Major Parts of an Amino Acid.
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An Amino group (-NH2)
An Carboxyl group (-COOH) A Hydrogen An R Group |
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Hydroxyl group
(-OH) |
Compounds that end in "-ol" i.e. ALCOHOL, ETHANOL.
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Carbonyl
(C=O) |
Ketone - carbonyl within a carbon skeleton.
Aldehyde - carbonyl at the end of carbon skeleton. |
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Carboxyl
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(-COOH) Oxygen atom double bonded to a Carbon bonded to a Hydroxyl group.
Carboxylic acids - ACETIC ACIDS: give vinegar sour taste. Acidic - source of hydrogen ions. |
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Amino
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-NH2
Amines |
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Phosphate
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-PO4
Organic phosphates |
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Amphipathic
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When a molecule has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region.
Because one region of a phospholipid is HYDROPHOBIC (fatty acid tails) and another is HYDROPHILIC (phosphate head), phospholipids are considered AMPHIPATHIC. |
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Steroids
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Usually contain 4 linked carbon rings.
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Prokaryotic Cell
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lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles, circular DNA in the nucleoid, peptidoglycan cell wall, smaller ribosomes, flagellum
Ex: bacteria, rickettsiae |
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plant cells vs. animal cells
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cell wall of cellulose
chloroplasts centrioles only in animal cells |
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passive transport
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diffusion- high concentration to low
facilitated transport- use of channel proteins, still goes with concentration gradient |
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active transport
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uses transport proteins to move against concentration gradient
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endocytosis
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pinocytosis- cell ingest liquids
phagocytosis- cell ingest solids receptor-mediated endocytosis- cell surface has receptors that bind to specific substances |
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exocytosis
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cell ejects waste or products w/ vesicle through plasma membrane
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exergonic reactions
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products have less energy than reactants. ie. energy is given off
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endergonic reactions
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products have more energy than reactants. ie. energy needed
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enzyme
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speed up the rate of reaction. highly specific
enzyme-substrate complex: enzyme brings substrates together using activation site. *lock and key* |
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allosteric site
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places other than active site where substance can bind. inhibits or activates enzyme
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aerobic cellular respiration
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1) glycolysis: in cytoplasm, phosphorilating (splitting) of glucose(6 carbon molecule) to 2 pyruvic acids. Results in 2 net ATP after investment of 4 and 2 NADH
2) formation of Acetyl coA: in cytoplasm, pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (2 carbon molecule). 2 CO2 are released and 2 NADH 3) krebs cycle (citric acid cycle): each of the acetyl coA enter the matrix, and one at a time is combined with oxaloacetate to form citric acid. 2 more ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 4) oxidative phosphorylation: 12 Electron carries (NADH &FADH2) are taken to the ETC where the e- is passed down the inner membrane. e- reaches oxygen at the end of the chain and creates H2O. As this is happening H+ is pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a Ph gradient. H+ can only pass through ATP Synthase channels which create ATP by combining ADP +P. This is oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) |
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every NADH yields... every FADH2 yields..... Total # of ATP in cellular respiration...
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3
2 32 |
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Anaerobic Respiration
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*when oxygen isn't available
after glycolysis use fermintation 1) pyruvic acid is converted to either ethanol or lactid acid not very efficient, only 2 NAD+ created |
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equation of cellular respiartion
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C6H12O6 +6CO2---> ^CO2 + 6H2O
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stroma
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fluid filled region of chloroplast
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grana
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structures the look like stacks of coins in chloroplast
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thylakoid
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disk like structures of grana in chloroplast
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photosynthesis: light reaction
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1) pigment clusters in thylakoid membrane gather light and bounce it around to the reaction center
Noncyclic photophosphorylation: uses photosystem I & II. Beginning at PS II activated e- are trapped by p680 and passed to the primary acceptor. The e- is then passed down to carriers in the ETC until it reaches PSI. A H+ gradient is established when protons are pumped the membrane into the thylakoid lumen. ATP synthase is used to produce ATP * when the e- get a second "boost" in PS I they're reactivated and pass through a 2nd ETC until they reach NADP+ Cyclic Photophosphorylation: only PS I is used |
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Photosynthesis: Dark Reaction
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uses product of light reaction (ATP & NADPH) to make sugar.
Calvin Cycle: 6CO2 enters cycle with 6RuBP and makes 6-carbon mol. 12 ATP & NADPH convert 12 PGA to 12 G3P. 2 G3P become glucose and the rest become RuBP |
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transformation
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the genetic alteration of a cell by the direct uptake and expression of DNA
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IPMAT
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I-interlude
P-prepare M-meet A-apart T-tear |
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differences between mitosis and meiosis
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body cells vs. sex cells
produces identical cells vs. gametes 1 cell becomes 2 vs. 1 cell becomes 4 1 division vs. 2 |
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operon
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region of bacterial DNA that regulates gene expression
ie. lac or trp |
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4 parts of operon
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structural genes- code for enzymes
promoter gene- region RNA polymerase binds for transcription operator- controls whether transcription will occur regulatory gene- codes for regulatory protein (repressor) |
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Plants:
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multicellular, eukaryotic
cell wall of cellulose photosynthetic take up water via capillary action |
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Bryophytes
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Non-vascular plants
Examples: mosses, liverworts, hornworts |
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Tracheophytes
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Vascular plants
Xylem and Phloem for transport Lignified transport vessels Roots Dominant sporophyte generation |
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Gymnosperms
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tracheophyte, Cone-bearing
examples:cedars, sequoias redwoods, pines adapted for a dry environment heterosporous |
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Angiosperms
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tracheophyte, Flowering plants
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