Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Aristotle
|
- believed in scala naturae" ladder of life"
- spontaneous generation - believed that organisms could not move on the ladder |
|
|
Pasteur
|
- disproved spontaneous generation
- maggot and meat experiment |
|
|
Pasteur's experiment
|
- jar 1, unconvered + meat
- jar 2, covered + meat - jar 3, cheesecloth + meat |
|
|
Linnaeus
|
- Theologian and botonist
- created a sytem for classification |
|
|
Cuvier
|
- believedin catastrophism
- sudden catastrophes created the change |
|
|
Hulton
|
- believed in gradualism
- gradual change over time |
|
|
Lamarck
|
- bleived that organism can move rungs in ladder
- belived organism could increase in complexity |
|
|
Charles Darwin
|
- father of modern evolutionary thought
- natural selection and common ancestry |
|
|
Wallace
|
- independent co-founder of natural selection
|
|
|
Hackel
|
studied embryology and founded modern phylogenetic practices
|
|
|
phylogeny
|
- branches rather than ladders in ancestry and classification
|
|
|
Stanely miller
|
put CH4, NH3, H20, H2 + pressure + lightining
= sugars, aminos acids, nucleotides |
|
|
bananas
|
shares 50% of the same DNA as homosapiens
|
|
|
bonobos chimps
|
share 98.5 % the same DNA as homsapiens
|
|
|
Natural selection
|
change in phenotype due to natural selection and interaction with environments
- over very long period of time |
|
|
morph
|
- discreat characteristic in an environment
|
|
|
polymorph
|
- many discrete characteristics within a population in high frequencies
|
|
|
artificial selection
|
selective breeding to keep a phenotype in a population
|
|
|
frequency dependent selection
|
when reproductive success of an organism delicnes because that morph is too common
|
|
|
directional selection
|
shifts in frequency curve to one extreme
|
|
|
stabilizing selection
|
- shift in frequency to average phenotype
|
|
|
diversifying selection
|
- shift in phenotypic frequency to both extremes
|
|
|
intrasexual selection
|
- direct competition among member of on esex for the opposite sex
|
|
|
intersexual selection
|
individuals of one gender " CHOOSES" mates of the other gender
|
|
|
Hamilton's law
|
b= benefit
c= cost r = relatedness if C/B < r, then an altruistic act will be performed |
|
|
altruism
|
- when one organism does an act for the whole group at the price of his life
|
|
|
benefit
|
hpw many other people will be benefited and how closely they are related to you
|
|
|
- cost
|
always 1, because the cost of an alturistic act is 1 life
|
|
|
secondary sexual characteristics
|
anthying other than reproductive organs that charcterizes a male or female
|
|
|
sexual dimorphism
|
organism that has secondary sexual characteristics
|
|
|
Darwin fitness
|
how much an organism contributes to the gene pool
- mom with two kids has higher darwinian fitness than mom with 1 kid |
|
|
relative fitness
|
- how many time one genotype occurs within a population in comparison other genotypes
- higher frequency= higher relative fitness |
|
|
Natural selction and evolution work on _ not _
|
Phenotypes NOT genotypes
|
|
|
why can't natural selection produce perfect organisms?
|
1) historical contraints
- can't make anything from scratch 2) adaptations are usually compromises |
|
|
eusociality
|
species that include specialized non- reproductive casts as memeber of their populations
- they are usually much smaller in size and they are sterile |
|
|
examples of eusociality
|
termites- caste sprays invaders from head
bees- male workers are small naked mole rat- king and queen reproduce , some take care of kids, others act as soldiers |
|
|
Kin selection
|
when a members of the specieis helps the offspring of their parents
|
|
|
genetic drift
|
- change in alle frequency due to chance event
|
|
|
bottleneck effect
|
dramatic decrease in population size due to chance event ( volcanoe, hurricane)
|
|
|
founder effect
|
when a section of a population sections off and reproduces only with itself
- ex ( if Austrailia flood and only the aborigines survived then austrailia would only have aborigenes |
|
|
gene flow
|
when members of populations move and breed
|
|
|
allele loss
|
- when an allele is lost in a population
- like if all red haird people died then red haird allele would be lost |
|
|
allele fixation
|
- when an allele is fixed in a population
- all humans have the allel for hearts |
|
|
DDT
|
- insecticide that killed 99.9 % of all insects
- the 1 % became super bugs - example of directional selection |
|
|
CCT
|
- HIV does reverse transcriptase
- drug that mimics cytosine and stops reverse transcriptase -mutations occurs at sites where 3TC has been implemented |
|
|
homology
|
similar charctertics arising from common ancestry
|
|
|
species
|
population or group that can produce viable and fertile offspring
|
|
|
cladogenesis
|
- organism branches from original line
- the original species exists but so does the branched organism |
|
|
anagenesis
|
- direct lineage
- original species does not exists |
|
|
prezygotic barriers
|
- things that preven organisms from reproducing
1) habitat 2) behavior 3) temporal |
|
|
post zygotic barries
|
- reduced hybrid viability
- not fertile - geographic isolation |
|
|
allopatric speciation
|
a physical barrier stands betwen two populations that eventually creates two new species
|
|
|
sympatric speciation
|
- populations live in the same area but a small portion of a population will breed only with itself
|
|
|
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium equation
|
p2+ 2pq + q2 = 1
p+ q = 1 p = dominant allele, q = recessive allele, p2 = frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype q2 = frequency of homozygous recessives # / total population = frequency |
|
|
equilibrium
|
Weinbergy equation is true when allele are distributed equally in a population
|
