Ap Bio Vocab Chapters 22 - 24

Front 1

Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities

Back 1

Adaptive radiation

Front 2

Formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another

Back 2

Allopatric speciation

Front 3

Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

Back 3

Artificial Selection

Front 4

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

Back 4

Bottleneck effect

Front 5

Evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages

Back 5

Convergent evolution

Front 6

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals

Back 6

Directional selection

Front 7

Genetic drift that occurs whena few individuals become isolated from a larger population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.

Back 7

Founder Effect

Front 8

A decline int he reproductive success of individuals that have a phenotype that has become too common in a population

Back 8

Frequency-dependent selection

Front 9

Transfer of alleles from one population to another

Back 9

Gene flow

Front 10

Group of all the alleles for all individuals in a population

Back 10

Gene pool

Front 11

Chanc events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Back 11

Genetic drift

Front 12

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools

Back 12

Heterozygote advantage

Front 13

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

Back 13

Homologous structures

Front 14

Changes above the species level over a long period of time

Back 14

Macroevolution

Front 15

Evolutionary change below the species level; change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

Back 15

Microevolution

Front 16

Change in nucleotide sequence of DNA; creates genetic diversity

Back 16

Mutation

Front 17

Process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than others

Back 17

Natural selection

Front 18

Genetic variation that does not appear to provide a selective advantage or disadvantage

Back 18

Neutral variation

Front 19

Scientific study of fossils

Back 19

Paleontology

Front 20

Evoutionary history of a species or group of related species

Back 20

Phylogeny

Front 21

Organism has more than two complete chromosome sets: result of accidents in cell division

Back 21

Polyploidy

Front 22

Form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to get mates.

Back 22

Sexual selection

Front 23

Population whose members have the potential to inbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Back 23

Species

Front 24

Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than extremes

Back 24

Stabilizing selection

Front 25

Formation of a new species in populations that live int eh same geographic area

Back 25

Sympatric speciation

Front 26

Structures that are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors, but are of little importance now.

Back 26

Vestigial organ

Front 27

Assortative mating (type of non random mating) in which partners are selected like themselves; ie. snow geese; affects genotype ration in population

Back 27

Assortative mating

Front 28

When a species does not recognize or mate with another because the partner does not perform the correct mating/ courtship rituals, scents/ pheromones

Back 28

Behavioral isolation

Front 29

Tit for tat evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species. Ex. predator/prey

Back 29

Coevolution

Front 30

Closely related organisms go through similar embryonic development. Ex. tail, gill pouches which became eustachian tubes in humans (not always evident in adults)

Back 30

Comparative Embryology

Front 31

Describes two or more species that originate from a common ancestor. May be the result of allopatric or sympatric speciation or by adaptive radiation.

Back 31

Divergent evolution

Front 32

Favors the extreme or unusual traits over intermediate. ex. short and tall weeds

Back 32

Diversifying/disruptive selection

Front 33

When species flower or mate at different seasons or time of day

Back 33

Temporal isolation

Front 34

When species don't encounter each other

Back 34

Habitat isolation (ecological isolation)

Front 35

When male gametes do not survive in the female gamete environment or female gamete does not recognize the male gamete

Back 35

Gametic isolation

Front 36

When male or female genitalia are structurally incompatible or flower structures select for different pollinators

Back 36

Mechanical isolation

Front 37

Zygote fails to develop, aborts or dies

Back 37

Hybrid inviability

Front 38

Hybrid becomes an adult but is reproductively sterile ex. mule

Back 38

Hybrid sterility

Front 39

Hybrids produce offspring that have reduced viability or fertility

Back 39

Hybrid breakdown

Front 40

Two related species that made similar evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor. Ex. placental wolf and marsupial wolf

Back 40

Parallel evolution

Front 41

Mating of unrelated partners increases mixing of new allele combinations

Back 41

Outbreeding

Front 42

Superior quality of offspring from corss between two different inbred strains. ex. corn, mule

Back 42

Hybrid vigor

Front 43

Selecting partners just like themselves, from same family even

Back 43

Inbreeding

Front 44

An organism's hereditary background is reflected in its genes and their protein products. All have the same DNA bases. Closely related species share increased percent of sequences. Ex. DNA nucleotide sequence between human and chimp are ninety-eight percent the same

Back 44

Molecular Biology

Front 45

Natural selection is

Back 45

Survival of the fittest