Ap Bio Taxonomy

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taxonomy

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the study of the classification of organisms

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biology

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the study of life

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bios

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latin for life

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logos

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study of

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Charles (Carolus) Linnaeus

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swedish botanist, father of taxonomy- developed binomial nomenclature- based on latin- genus and species

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classification

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group similar objects together, helps us understand them more

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liger

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MALE lion, FEMALE tiger

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tigon

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MALE tiger, FEMALE lion

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Li-Liger

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MALE lion, FEMALE liger

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Li-tigon

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MALE lion, FEMALE tigon

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mule

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MALE donkey, FEMALE horse---more stable on feet than horse, scare less easily

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hybrid

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infertile--offspring of two different species

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species

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fertile- mule is a hybrid, not a species, because it can't breed

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hinny

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MALE horse, FEMALE donkey--more intelligent

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canis lupis

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grey wolf--common ancestor of almost every type of dog in the U.S.

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canis rufus

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red wolf--very endangered, only in SW U.S. used to be thought as a separate species, but some think it's a hybrid of grey wolf and coyote- they CAN breed, however

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canis latrans

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coyote- all over U.S., even Indiana

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aristotle

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greek, made 2- kingdom classification system- plants and animals

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1750

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carolus linnaeus made modern (except some changes) system of classification

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Felis concolor

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first (capped) = genus
second (lowercase) = species

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taxon

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each level of the hierarchical system- the larger the group, the more characteristics shared

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7 levels

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kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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how are taxons created?

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invented based on physical similarities, phylogeny

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phylogeny

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evolutionary relationships- genetics and molecular clocks(more common now) or derived characteristics

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homologous

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features shared by 2 or more species that have been inherited from a common ancestor

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derived trait

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trait that differs from its ancestral form

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convergent evolution

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independently evolved traits subjected to similar selective pressures and become superficially similar

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evolutionary reversal

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reverting from a derived state back to an ancestral state

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homoplastic traits

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traits that are similar for some reason other than inheritance from a common ancestor

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ingroup

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lineage of interest

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outgroup

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a lineage that is related to the ingroup, but which branched off from the ingroup before its base on the evolutionary tree

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morphology

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the sizes and shapes of body parts

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parsimony principle

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one should prefer the simplest hypothesis that is capable of explaining the observed date

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domain > kingdom

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3 domains, 6 kingdoms

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archaea

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domain- extremist bacteria (very hot or cold environments)

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bacteria

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domain, regular bacteria

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eukarya

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domain- contains 4 kingdoms- animals, plants, fungi, protists

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monophyletic group

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a.k.a. clade- contains all the descendants of a particular ancestor and no other organisms

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polyphyletic

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a group containing some members that do not share the same common ancestor

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paraphyletic

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has some, but not all, the descendants of a patricular ancestor

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grades

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groups that have undergone rapid evolutionary changes