Ap Bio Semester 1 Final Prep

Front 1

facilitated diffusion

Back 1

passive transport in which a channel protein is used

Front 2

endocytosis

Back 2

cell eating a molecule (taking in)

Front 3

exocytosis

Back 3

cell expelling molecule

Front 4

endergonic rxtion

Back 4

requires energy to happen (products have more energy than reactants)

Front 5

exergonic rxtion

Back 5

releases energy (products have less energy than reactants)

Front 6

substrate bound to active site by

Back 6

hydrophilic, hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen, vanderwaals attractions

Front 7

competitive inhibition

Back 7

directly affects substrates acces to active site (blocks active site)

Front 8

non comepetive inhibition

Back 8

binds away to enzyme away from active site, so that active site no longer functions

Front 9

phosphorylation

Back 9

addition of phosphate group to activate/deactivate enzyme

Front 10

feedback inhibition

Back 10

molecule binds to enzyme at regulatory site to inhibit enzymes activity

Front 11

allosteric regulation

Back 11

protein's function is affected by the binding of a molecule at a location other than an active site (can either activate/inhibit enzyme)

Front 12

what makes up a ribosome

Back 12

a protein and rna

Front 13

rna processing

Back 13

in eukaryotes, g nucleotide added to 5' end (to help mmrna bind to ribosome), poly a tail added to 3' end (directs premrna out of nucleus), introns spliced out. ALL STEPS PRESERVE PREMRNA ON ITS WAY OUT OF NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME

Front 14

operator

Back 14

switch in segment of dna

Front 15

operon

Back 15

group of related genes

Front 16

regulatory gene

Back 16

makes repressor/inducer

Front 17

when trp operon comes on

Back 17

lack of tryptophan, trp operon codes for tryptophan

Front 18

when trp turns off

Back 18

when there is sufficient supply of tryptophan (no need to use trp operon to code for it)

Front 19

when lac turns off

Back 19

when there is no lactose (laci codes for genes to break down lactose)

Front 20

when lac turns on

Back 20

when there is lactose (laci codes to break down lactose)

Front 21

positive gene regulation (cap and camp)

Back 21

stimulate production of rna polymerase

Front 22

regulation factors specific to eukaryotes

Back 22

transcription factors (to help rna poly find promoter), enhance (sequences that are far from promoter that help rna poly bind and begin transcription)

Front 23

capsid

Back 23

protein shell enclosing viral genome

Front 24

silent mutation

Back 24

mutation w/ no effect (same amino acid coded for, etc.)

Front 25

missense mutation

Back 25

one diff. nucleotide codes for diff. amino acid (point mutation

Front 26

nonsense mutation

Back 26

point mutation, early stop codon introduced

Front 27

viral envelope

Back 27

help virus bind to host and enter cell membrane

Front 28

bacteriophage

Back 28

capsid that infects bacteria

Front 29

virulent phage

Back 29

immediate hostile takeover, kills host to reproduce

Front 30

temperate phage

Back 30

virus incorporates its rna/dna into host cell and can be dormant before activating and taking over

Front 31

viral cycle

Back 31

attachment, entry, biosynthesis, assembly, release, AEBAR!!!

Front 32

lytic cycle

Back 32

hills host right away

Front 33

lysogenic cycle

Back 33

process in which virus incorportates its rna/dna into the host cell (dormant stage)

Front 34

retrovirus

Back 34

has single stranded rna instead of dna, transcribes rna backwards

Front 35

autosome

Back 35

non sex chromosome

Front 36

ssbp

Back 36

keep the two strands from bonding to each other again

Front 37

alleles and homologous chromosomes

Back 37

homo chromos contain the same genes, but may have different alleles (versions) of the genes

Front 38

law of segregation

Back 38

two alleles for a trait separate during game formation

Front 39

law of independent assortment

Back 39

if genes are on 2 different chromosomes, they will separate independent of each other

Front 40

codominance

Back 40

when two traits are distinctly visible (callico cat)

Front 41

incomplete dominance

Back 41

when two traits combine (ie red and white turn to pink)

Front 42

barr bodies

Back 42

inactive x chromosomes

Front 43

r strategy

Back 43

lots of babies, little parental care

Front 44

k strategy

Back 44

few babies, extensive parental care

Front 45

formula for population size

Back 45

orignal # captured (original # captured/ #recaptured)

Front 46

cryptic coloration

Back 46

camouflage

Front 47

aposematic coloring

Back 47

bright warning colors

Front 48

batesian mimicry

Back 48

palatable species evolves to look like unpalatable species (ie a harmless frog evolves to look similar to a dangerous frog)

Front 49

primary successsion

Back 49

when ecological sucession begins in a previously lifeless area (no fertile soil)

Front 50

secondary succession

Back 50

when ecological succession beings a previously inhabited area (but the land is cleared b/c of fire/volcano)

Front 51

primary producer

Back 51

autotroph, makes own food, uses sunlight to synthesize sugar, PLANTSS

Front 52

primary consumer

Back 52

eats plants (consumes primary producer)

Front 53

secondary/tertiary consume

Back 53

eat other consumers/plants (omnivores)

Front 54

decomposers/detrivores

Back 54

get energy from nonliving material (leaves, dead animals, etc.)

Front 55

green world hypothesis

Back 55

plants are not all eaten b/c they have defense mechanisms, can't supply enough protein, have abiotic limitations, and competition

Front 56

chaparral

Back 56

irradic rainfall, lots of SHRUBS, differing temps

Front 57

savannah

Back 57

average rainfall, high temperature, scattered species

Front 58

taiga

Back 58

conniferous forest

Front 59

tundra

Back 59

has a layer of permafrost

Front 60

temperate forest

Back 60

extreme temps, lots of rainfall, lots of diversity

Front 61

grasslands

Back 61

have large mammals, high and low rainfall/temperatures

Front 62

multimer

Back 62

two intertwined plasmids (moves slower than supercoiled and nicked)