Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
function of roots |
anchor plant, actively abosrb minerals, abosrb water, store organic nutrients (starch)
|
|
|
tap root
|
one main root w/ lateral roots coming off of main root, good for STORAGE OF ORGANIC NUTRIENTS, ex. carrots and turnips
|
|
|
fibrous roots
|
lots of small roots, no main root, large surface area GOOD FOR ABSORBING H20 AND NUTRIENTS, clings to soil well to prevent erosion, ex. grass
|
|
|
adventitious roots
|
roots that grow out of plant parts above ground, allows plant to reestablish iteslf even after the stem has been cut off, gives support, ex. corn, banyan trees
|
|
|
root hairs
|
located just after root tip, tiny projections that increase surface area of root, where most of osmosis and active mineral absorbtion takes place
|
|
|
where photosynthesis takes place
|
palisade mesophyll cells b/c they are closest to the top!
|
|
|
dermal tissue of plant
|
outer covering of plant, includes epidermis, cuticle and guard cells
|
|
|
vascular tissue of plant
|
all transport systems (xylem and phloem)
|
|
|
ground tissue
|
everything else in a plant (not xylem/phloem, or outer covering of plant)
|
|
|
choloroplast
|
site of photosynthesis
|
|
|
mitochondria
|
site of cell respiration
|
|
|
tonoplast
|
for water storage
|
|
|
leucoplast
|
for starch storage
|
|
|
parenchyma plant cells
|
thin walls, most abundant in young plants, usually photosynthetic cells, if not photosynthetic then parenchyma cells are used for starch/lipid storage
|
|
|
collenchyma plant cells
|
supporting cells for living plants, thicker walls, flexible and elongated (allow plant to sway in wind, yet are durable too)
|
|
|
sclerenchyma plant cells
|
supporting cells when they are dead, have very thickened walls (like the cells in tree bark, make up xylem)
|
|
|
water-conducting cells make up the ______
|
xylem
|
|
|
sugar-conducting cells make up the _____
|
phloem
|
|
|
primary grow is growth in ____
|
length
|
|
|
secondary growth is growth in ____
|
width
|
|
|
zone of CELL DIVISION of root growth
|
lots of mitosis occurs, contains the newest cells (newly divided)
|
|
|
zone of ELONGATION of root growth
|
cells get longer and push the root tip into the soil, cells begin to develop their specific functions
|
|
|
zone of MATURATION of root growth
|
cells become fully specialize, considered mature cells
|
|
|
function of root cap
|
to protect the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil (like a helmet for root cells)
|
|
|
PRIMARY growth of plant stems
|
occurs at the shoot apical meristems (which are located at the tips of buds), plants grow from the top, not the bottom of the stem
|
|
|
SECONDARY growth of plant stems
|
growth in width of stems and roots, degree of growth varies among diff. plants ---> FORMATION OF BARK
|
|
|
vascular cambium
|
divides into the secondary xylem and phloem, as it divides it pushes older cells away
|
|
|
secondary xylem
|
grows on side closes to CENTER of stem/root
|
|
|
secondary phloem
|
grows on side closer to OUTSIDE of stem/root
|
|
|
cork cambium
|
the secondary phloem on the outside of the stem, grows into cork which protects the plant from water loss, physical damage and harmful substances
|
|
|
what is the oldest part of the tree?
|
the center, the secondary phloem has been pushed into bark and flakes off, leaving the secondary xylem that has been pushed all the way in
|
|
|
heartwood
|
older secondary xylem, when it gets clogged it stops conducting water which makes it darker in color
|
|
|
sapwood
|
newer secondary xylem, still actively conducts water and minerals, clear paths make it lighter in color
|
|
|
what forms the rings of a tree?
|
spring: most water available, transport cells are big and have thin walls
summer: less water available, water transport cells have thicker darker walls |
|
|
what makes up the wood of a tree?
|
secondary xylem
|
|
|
the more solutes in a solution, the more ______ the water potential
|
negative
|
|
|
how water is absorbed by roots
|
osmosis
|
|
|
how water moves according to water potential
|
water moves from higher potential (less solutes) to lower potential (more solutes) or LESS NEGATIVE TO MORE NEGATIVE
|
|
|
apoplast pathway
|
water travels between cells (outside of them)
|
|
|
symplast pathway
|
water travels through cells (inside of them to get from cell to cell)
|
|
|
how water moves in roots
|
water freely diffuses up to a point the root. in order to get to the vascular tissue (located in stele), the water and ions must go through the symplast pathway
|
|
|
casparian strip
|
blocks water from crossing the endodermis through apoplast pathway (forces water to go through symplast), controls what enters vascular tissue, prevents water/solutes from leaking into the soil
|
|
|
structure that transports water in a plant
|
the xylem
|
|
|
cells that make up the xylem
|
tracheids (in all plants) and vessel elements (in some plants)
|
|
|
how xylem is formed
|
1. cell dies
2. cell contents disintegrate 3. water can move through hollow tube w/ little resistance |
|
|
capillary action
|
movement of water up a very narrow tube, ACCOUNTS FOR LITTLE MOVEMENT
|
|
|
what is responsible for most of water movement in xylem
|
transpiration pull :)
|
|
|
how transpiration pull works
|
as water evaporates from the stomata (transpiration), water fro the xylem moves into the leaf to take its place, b/c h bonds between water molecules, water is pulled up the xylem
|
|
|
what creates tension in transpiration pull
|
when water evaporates from the stomata in the leaf, a negative water potential is created, causing tension
|
|
|
function of stoma
|
to allow gas exchange w/ outside environment (co2 and o2)
|
|
|
how guard cells open
|
when there is enough water, the guard cells fill w/ h20 and plump, opening a hole
|
|
|
why guard cells close
|
when guard cells don't have much water, they come limp and don't pull away from each other, closing the stoma
|
|
|
role of potassium on opening of stoma
|
k in: h20 follows by osmosis, stoma open
k out: h20 leaves by osmosis, stoma close |
|
|
favorable conditions for stomatal opening
|
lots of water, moderate temperatures
|
|
|
how abscissic acid acts on guard cells
|
it "stresses" them out and forces them to close their stomata
|
|
|
what sugar produced in photosynthesis is transported to other cels and then used for
|
cell respiration, storage
|
|
|
two types of cells that make up phloem
|
sieve tube elements, companion cells
|
|
|
because sieve tube elements are hollow, the need _____ to sustain them
|
companion cells
|
|
|
translocation
|
transport in the phloem
|
|
|
phloem transports substances from _____ to _____
|
sources to sinks
|
|
|
source
|
where sugar is produced/broken down
|
|
|
sink
|
where sugar is used/stored
|
|
|
how pressure flow works
|
since the phloem contains a water/sugar mixture, the sugar is actively transported into sieve tube elements from the source tube, and water follows the sugar b/c of osmosis
|
|
|
how pressure flow works near sink cell
|
sugars are actively transported into the sink cell from the phloem, making a lower pressure region, b.c of lower conc. in phloem, water flows back into the xylem
|
|
|
solution in phloem flows from _____ pressure to _____ pressure
|
HIGH (near source) to LOW
|
|
|
why will translocation stop if the phloem cells are killed
|
since translocation uses active transport, and active transport requires living cells, translocation will stop w/ dead phloem cellsc
|
|
|
can translocation occur up or down?
|
GOES UP AND DOWN the stems/petioles!!!
|
|
|
the common ancestor of all plants
|
green algae
|
|
|
is algae a plant
|
NO! although it has many characteristics in common w/ plants, it is a multicellular protist
|
|
|
advantages of being a water plant
|
immediate access to water, support from surrounding water, water will transport gametes
|
|
|
advantages of being a land plant
|
high concentrations of co2 in air (compared to water), more access to sunlight, initially less competition for resources/fewer predators
|
|
|
non vascular plants
|
have no xylem or phloem, smaller in size, grow in dense mats, have rhizoids that anchor plant to ground |
|
|
vascular plants
|
have xylem and phloem that transport water/minerals, grow taller, further divided into seed/nonseed plants
ex. ferns, conifers, flowering plants |
|
|
why nonvascular plants can't be very tall
|
w/out xylem and phloem, water/nutrient transport in inefficient, plant can't grow as high b/c it can't get the water up
|
|
|
vascular, non seed plants
|
have a xylem/phloem, don't have seeds to protect plant embryo
|
|
|
gymnosperm vascular seed plants
|
seed is not protected by fruit, has cones
|
|
|
angiosperm vascular seed plant
|
flowering plants, seed is protected by fruit, has flowers
|
|
|
two forms of alternation generations
|
sporophyte and gametophyte
|
|
|
sporophyte (2n)
|
diploid, multi cellular form of plant, forms HAPLOID spores through MEIOSIS
|
|
|
gametophyte (n)
|
haploid, multicellular form of plant, forms GAMETES through MITOSIS
|
|
|
dominant form of bryophyte (moss) life cylce
|
gametophyte
|
|
|
how mosses (bryophytes) are anchored to the ground
|
by rhizoids that absorb water
|
|
|
how mosses reproduce
|
they need water for reproduction, sperm will swim to egg followee by a trail of chemicals
|
|
|
archegonium
|
female sex organ, produces egg
|
|
|
脊椎骨
|
jǐ zhuī gǔ - spine
|
病人的脊椎骨已经变形。
The patient has a deformed spine. Bìngrén de jǐzhuīgǔ yǐjing biànxíng。 |
|
in bryophytes, sperm and egg are produced from _____ through ______
|
from gametophyte, THROUGH MITOSIS
|
|
|
sporphylls
|
in vascular plants, have modified leaves that produce sporangia (which become spores)
|
|
|
homosporous pants
|
makes ONE KIND OF SPORE, typicaly bisexual and makes both egg and sperm
|
|
|
heterosporous
|
two distinct spores made that produce egg and sperm, consists of both angio and gymnosperms and a few seedless plants
|
|
|
pterophyte (fern) lifestyle
|
dominant form is SPOROPHYTE, water necessary for production, gametophyte is a tiny plant anchored by rizhoids
|
|
|
sori
|
clusters of sporangia on underside of fern leaves, fern is homosporous
|
|
|
larger gametophyte, sporophyte is ____
|
dependent on gametophyte
|
|
|
larger sporophyte, gametophyte is _____
|
independent or dependent of sporophyte
|
|
|
gymnosperm life cylcle
|
dominant form is SPOROPHYTE, heterosporous w/ naked seeds
|
|
|
male gymnosperm cones
|
contain pollen
|
|
|
in gymnosperms, cells on ovulate will form the ______
|
megasporangium (which then forms the female gametophyte)
|
|
|
in gymnosperms, cells on the pollen cone will form _______
|
microsporangium (which then forms male gametophyte)
|
|
|
micropyle
|
opening in gymnosperm that pollen (sperm) enters through
|
|
|
in gymnosperms, while pollen tube is extended, sperm and egg are produced through _____, megaspore is produced through______
|
sperm and egg through MITOSIS, megaspore through MEIOSIS
|
|
|
female parts of the angiosperm flower (CARPEL)
|
stigma, style, ovary
|
|
|
male parts of the angiosperm flower (STAMEN)
|
anther and filament
|
|
|
life cycle of angiosperms
|
dominant form is sporophyte, angiosperms are heterosporous
|
|
|
angiosperm male gametophyte
|
pollen grain
|
|
|
angiosperm female gametophyte
|
embryo sac
|
|
|
female GAMETOPHYTE development
|
megaspores goes through MITOSIS to create diff. cells in the female gametophyte
|
|
|
two cells involved in angiosperm fertilization
|
egg (n-haploid), polar nuclei (2n-2 nuclei in one cell)
|
|
|
double fertizliations of angiosperms
|
1. one sperm fertilizes the egg (making diploid zygote)
2. one sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei (forms triploid endosperm) |
|
|
function of endosperm
|
starchy material that serves as nutrition for growing embryo
|
|
|
benefit of double fertilization
|
efficiently uses resources (b/c endosperm can only develop in fertilized ovule)
|
|
|
after egg is fertilized, the 1,2, 3 happens
|
1. embryo develops
2. seed coat forms 3. ovary develops into fruit around the seed |
|
|
how germination starts
|
seed remains dormant until conditions are right, imbibition cuases it to begin
|
|
|
imbibition
|
when water enters the seed and triggers enzymes that are needed for growth
|
|
|
eudicot flower characteristics
|
two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in a ring, taproot present, pollen grain w/ three openings, floral organs in multiples of FOUR OR FIVE
|
|
|
monocot flower charatetistics
|
one cotyledon, parallel veins, scatter vascular tissue, fibrous roots (no main root), pollen grain w/ one opening, floral organs in multiples of three
|
|
|
how germination starts
|
seed remains dormant until conditions are right, imbibition cuases it to begin
|
|
|
imbibition
|
when water enters the seed and triggers enzymes that are needed for growth
|
|
|
eudicot flower characteristics
|
two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in a ring, taproot present, pollen grain w/ three openings, floral organs in multiples of FOUR OR FIVE
|
|
|
monocot flower charatetistics
|
one cotyledon, parallel veins, scatter vascular tissue, fibrous roots (no main root), pollen grain w/ one opening, floral organs in multiples of three
|
|