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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
allometric growth
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the variation in the relative rates of growth of varous parts of the body, which helps shape the organism
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shared derived character
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an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
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phylogenetic tree
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a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
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magnetic reversal
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reversal of the polarity of Earths magnetic field
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balancing polymorphim
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natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of 2 or more phenotypic forms in a population
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paralogous genes
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homologous genes that are found in teh smae genome due to gene duplication
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molecular systematic
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the comparison of nucleir acids or other molecules in diffrent species to infer relatedness
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fossil
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a preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past
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speciation
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the orginin of new species in evolution
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heterochrony
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evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organisms development
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morphospecies
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a species defined by its anatomical features
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neutral theory
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the hypothesis that much evoltuionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian natural selection
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cladistics
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the analysis of the resemblances among clades, or groups of species that share a common ancester
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heterozygote advantage
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greater reproductive sucess of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.
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gene pool
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the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time
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prezygotic barrier
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a reproductive barrier that impedes mating btwn species or hinders fertilization of ova if interspecific mating is attempted
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allopatric speciation
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a mode of speciaton induced when an ancestral populatin becomes segregated by a geogrpahic barrier or is itself divided into 2 or more geographically isolated subpopulations
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homology
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similarityin characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
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mutation
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a rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creatin genetic diversity
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Hardy- weinberg theorem
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the principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes ina population remains constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segreation and recombination of alleles are at work
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Catastrophism
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the hypothesis by cuvier that each boundary btwn strata coresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as flood or drought, that destroyed many of the species living there at that time
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order
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above family
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binomial
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2 names a genus and specific epithet
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intrasexual selection
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a direct competition among indvivduals of 1 sex 4 males or females
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biological species concept
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definition of a species as a population or group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offsping, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring w/ members of other population
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population gentics
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study of how populations change genetically over time
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population
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localized group of individuals that belong to the smae biological species (are capable of interbreeding and producing fetile offspring)
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frequency dependent selection
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a decline in the reproductive success of a morph resulting from the morphs phenotype becoming 2 common in a popu, a cause of balanced polymorhism in populations
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species
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group whose members possess similar antaomical chracteristics and have teh ability to interbreed
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balanced polymorphism
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the ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a popu
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prezygotic barrier
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a reproductive barrier that impedes mating btwn species or hinders fertilization of ova if interspecific mating is attempted
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allopatric speciation
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a mode of speciaton induced when an ancestral populatin becomes segregated by a geogrpahic barrier or is itself divided into 2 or more geographically isolated subpopulations
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homology
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similarityin characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
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mutation
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a rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creatin genetic diversity
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Hardy- weinberg theorem
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the principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes ina population remains constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segreation and recombination of alleles are at work
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Catastrophism
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the hypothesis by cuvier that each boundary btwn strata coresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as flood or drought, that destroyed many of the species living there at that time
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|
order
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above family
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binomial
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2 names a genus and specific epithet
|
|
intrasexual selection
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a direct competition among indvivduals of 1 sex 4 males or females
|
|
biological species concept
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definition of a species as a population or group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offsping, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring w/ members of other population
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population gentics
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study of how populations change genetically over time
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population
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localized group of individuals that belong to the smae biological species (are capable of interbreeding and producing fetile offspring)
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frequency dependent selection
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a decline in the reproductive success of a morph resulting from the morphs phenotype becoming 2 common in a popu, a cause of balanced polymorhism in populations
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species
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group whose members possess similar antaomical chracteristics and have teh ability to interbreed
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balanced polymorphism
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the ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a popu
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colony
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a collection of autonomously replicating cells of teh same species
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vestigial organ
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organs that use to b important but are not no more
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avg heterozygosity
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the %, on avg of a popu loci that are hetrozygous in members of the popu
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homoplasy
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similiar structure or molecular sequence dat has evolved independently in 2 species
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polymorhism
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the coevistence of two or more distinc eforms in teh same population
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natural selectin
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best fit survives
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stromatolite
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a fossilized baterial mat
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genus
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above species
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analogy
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similarity btwn 2 species that is due to convergent evolution rather tahn 2 descent form a common ancestor w/ same trait
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domain
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above kingdom,
3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya indpendently folding part of a protein |
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autopolyploid
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an indvidual taht has more than 2 chromosome sets, all derived from a single species
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phylum
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above class
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punctuated equilibrium
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in evolutionary theroy, long period of apparent no change interrputed by relatively breif period of sudden change
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paedomorhosis
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the retention in an adutl organism of the juvenile feature of its evolutionary ancestors
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orthologous genes
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homologous genes that are passed in stright line from one generation to the text, but have ended up in diffrent gene poools becuase of speciation
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colony
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a collection of autonomously replicating cells of teh same species
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vestigial organ
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organs that use to b important but are not no more
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avg heterozygosity
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the %, on avg of a popu loci that are hetrozygous in members of the popu
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homoplasy
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similiar structure or molecular sequence dat has evolved independently in 2 species
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polymorhism
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the coevistence of two or more distinc eforms in teh same population
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natural selectin
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best fit survives
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stromatolite
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a fossilized baterial mat
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genus
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above species
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analogy
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similarity btwn 2 species that is due to convergent evolution rather tahn 2 descent form a common ancestor w/ same trait
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domain
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above kingdom,
3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya indpendently folding part of a protein |
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autopolyploid
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an indvidual taht has more than 2 chromosome sets, all derived from a single species
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phylum
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above class
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punctuated equilibrium
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in evolutionary theroy, long period of apparent no change interrputed by relatively breif period of sudden change
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paedomorhosis
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the retention in an adutl organism of the juvenile feature of its evolutionary ancestors
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orthologous genes
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homologous genes that are passed in stright line from one generation to the text, but have ended up in diffrent gene poools becuase of speciation
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colony
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a collection of autonomously replicating cells of teh same species
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vestigial organ
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organs that use to b important but are not no more
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avg heterozygosity
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the %, on avg of a popu loci that are hetrozygous in members of the popu
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homoplasy
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similiar structure or molecular sequence dat has evolved independently in 2 species
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polymorhism
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the coevistence of two or more distinc eforms in teh same population
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natural selectin
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best fit survives
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stromatolite
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a fossilized baterial mat
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genus
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above species
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analogy
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similarity btwn 2 species that is due to convergent evolution rather tahn 2 descent form a common ancestor w/ same trait
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domain
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above kingdom,
3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya indpendently folding part of a protein |
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autopolyploid
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an indvidual taht has more than 2 chromosome sets, all derived from a single species
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phylum
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above class
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punctuated equilibrium
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in evolutionary theroy, long period of apparent no change interrputed by relatively breif period of sudden change
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paedomorhosis
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the retention in an adutl organism of the juvenile feature of its evolutionary ancestors
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orthologous genes
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homologous genes that are passed in stright line from one generation to the text, but have ended up in diffrent gene poools becuase of speciation
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homology
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smiliratity in chractristics resulting form a shared ancestry
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phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a psecies or group of related species
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serial endosymbiosis
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modleof the orgin of eukaryotes thhat they were party of small prokaryotes that lived in large cells
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ultrametric tree
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a phylogentic tree in which the lengths of teh brances reflect measurement of geologic time
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ribozyme
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an enzymatic rna molecule that catalyzes reaction during RNA splicing
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disruptive selection
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natural selection taht favors individual on both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes
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evolutionary adaptaion
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an accumulaton of inherited chracteristic that enchance organism ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments
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phenotypic polymorphism
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the exisence of 2 or more distinct morphs (discrete forms,) each represented in a population in high enough frequencies 2 be readily noticeable
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class
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above order
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sympatric speciation
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a mode of speciation occuring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subopulation reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population
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phylogram
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a tree that the length reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages
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graduaism
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a view of earths history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes
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genetic polymorphism
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the existence of 2 or more distinct alleles at a given locus in a popu gene pool
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uniformitarinism
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lyells idea that geologic processes have not changed thoughout earths' history
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genetic annealing
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making new genome by transfer of part of the genome of 1 organism to antoher
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cline g
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graded variation in a trait that parallels a gradient in the environment
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postzygotic barrier
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any of several species-isolating mechanism that prevent hybrids produced by 2 diffrent species from developing into viable, fertile adults
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directional selectin
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natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range
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ecological species concept
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defining species in terms of ecological roles (niches)
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phylogenetic species concept
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defintion of a species as set of organism with unize genetic history that is, as one branch on the tree of life
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polypolidy
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a chromosomal alteration in which teh organism possesses more than 2 complete chromosome sets
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genetic flow
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unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from 1 generation to the next because of a population finite size
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stabilizing selection
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natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
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allopolyploid
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a common type of polyploid species resulting from 2 different species interbreeding and combining thier chromosomes
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