Ap Bio Chp. 9 In 5 Steps To 5 Book

Front 1

Binary Fission

Back 1

when a prokaryotic cell pinches in after elongating its size during cell division, separating the cell into two daughter cells.

Front 2

steps of the cell cycle

Back 2

G1, S, G2, M. the G stages are growth and development stages, while the S stage is when DNA is duplicated, and the M stage (either mitosis in cell division or meiosis in reproduction) is the cell division phase

Front 3

interphase

Back 3

the first 3 stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2)

Front 4

Stages of mitosis

Back 4

pro[hase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 5

Cytokinesis

Back 5

the stage following telophase at the end of mitosis, it is the physical seperation of the newly formed daughter cells

Front 6

chromatin

Back 6

the raw material that forms chromosomes later on in the cell cycle

Front 7

prophase

Back 7

nucleus and nucleolus dissapear, the mitotic spindle begins to form, chromasomes are 2 identical connected sister chromatids. centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell (in animal cells)

Front 8

metaphase

Back 8

the sister chromatids line up along the equatorial metaphase plate

Front 9

anaphase

Back 9

sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite sides of the cell via the spindle apparatus

Front 10

telophase

Back 10

nuclei for the soon to be split cells begins to form again, the chromatin uncoils, and the nucleoli reappear

Front 11

Cyclin

Back 11

a protien that accumulates durring G1, S, G2 of the cell cycle, as mitosis proceeds, the level of cyclin declines

Front 12

Protien Kinase

Back 12

a protein that controls other proteins through the addition of phosphate groups

Front 13

CDK

Back 13

Cyclin-Dependent-Kinase, present during the whole cell cycle, bind with cyclin to form a complex called MPF (maturation/mitosis promoting factor)

Front 14

MPF

Back 14

Maturation/Mitosis Promoting Factor, it comes from the binding of CDK with cyclin, and it dictates when a cells gets pushed into or pulled out of mitosis; when MPF concentration are high (which is consequently when cyclin concentrations are high), then the cell gets prompted into mitosis. when MPF concentrations are low (which is when cyclin concentrations are low) then the cell comes out of mitosis

Front 15

Haploid

Back 15

an organism whose cells/cell has only one copy of each type of chromosome (n)

Front 16

Diploid

Back 16

an organism whose cells/cell has two copies of each type of chromosome (2n)

Front 17

Homologous Chromosomes

Back 17

resemble one another in shape, size, function, and genetic information they contain. ex. in humans, 46 chromosomes are divided into 23 homologous pairs

Front 18

Gamete

Back 18

the four daughter cells created at the end of meiosis II

Front 19

spermogenesis

Back 19

the process of producing 4 haploid sperm during each meiotic cycle in men

Front 20

oogenesis

Back 20

the process of producing 4 haploid eggs durring each meiotic cycle in women

Front 21

polar body

Back 21

in meiosis I in woman, one of the daughter cells recieves half the genetic info. along with most of the cytoplasm, the other cell (the polar bpdy) only recieves half the genetic material and is cast away

Front 22

crossover

Back 22

only occurs during meiosis, its when complementary parts of homologous wrap around eachother and switch or 'cross over' in meiosis . important becasue ACCOUNTS FOR VARIETY!!