Ap Bio - Chemistry Of Life

Front 1

What are the essential elements of life?

Back 1

mnemonic = SPONCH
sulfur, phosphorus, oxygennitrogen, carbon, hydrogen

Front 2

What is electric neutrality?

Back 2

# of protons = # of electrons

Front 3

What is a compound?

Back 3

2 or more atoms combined (in a fixed ratio) using chemical bonds

Front 4

What is the diff between the following: ionic bond vs covalent bond

Back 4

ionic = bond where electrons are transferred from one atom to another

covalent = electrons are shared

Front 5

What are the two types of covalent bonds? Describe each.

Back 5

nonpolar covalent = electrons shared equally

polar covalent = electrons shared unequally (but still shared!!!)

Front 6

What is a polar molecule ?

Back 6

a molecule that has partial positive and negative charges

Front 7

What are hydrogen bonds?

Back 7

Not actually bonds but strong intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonds are bonds between partial positive charge on a hydrogen atom in a molecule and the partial negaive charge on an atom in another molecule

Front 8

Water molecules have a strong tendency to stick to eachother. What is this property called?

Back 8

Cohesion

Front 9

What is adhesion? Why does water exhibit this property?

Back 9

Adhesion = the preference of a molecule to stick to other molecules.

h20 demonstrates adehesion due to hydrogen bonding

Front 10

What is heat capacity?

Back 10

Definition : the quantity of heat required to change the temperatue of a substance by one degree

Translation: the ability of a substance to store heat

Front 11

What type of ions do alkaline solutions release?

Back 11

alkaline = basic

basic solutions relase OH- ions

Front 12

A solution with a low concentration of H+ ions will have what type of pH?

Back 12

High or basic pH

Front 13

A substance gets less acidic. Its pH rises from 7 to 8. Describe what has happened to the concentration of H+ ions in that solution after the change.

Back 13

The H+ concentration has decrased ten fold.

An decrease of one pH number correspnds to a tenfold (10x) increase in hydrogen concentration

Front 14

What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules

Back 14

ogranic has carbon

inorganic doesnt have carbon

Front 15

What is a carbohydrate

Back 15

compound containing C, H and O

Front 16

What is the normal ratio of C to H to O in a carbohydtrate

Back 16

C = 1
H = 2
0 = 1

Front 17

What does saccharide mean?

Back 17

sugar

Front 18

What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and a polysaccharide?

Back 18

mono = one saccharide = sugar therfore mono saccharide = a carbohydrate made up of only one type sugar

di = 2 therefore a dissacharide has two types of sugars

poly = many

Front 19

What are the two most common sugars?

Back 19

glucose and fructose

Front 20

What is the most common ratio of Carbons : Hydrogens in carbohydrate moelcules?

Back 20

1:2 ... most carbohydrates follow the form CnH2nOn

Front 21

What are the two most common biologic examples of monosarccharides? How many carbons does each sugar contain?

Back 21

glucose (most abundant) and fructose (common in fruits)

both contain 6 carbons

Front 22

What's the difference between an alpha glucose and a beta glucose?

Back 22

H and OH position on the 1st carbon ... glucose has a double bond with O on its 1st carbon where fructose has that O double bond on its second carbon...

Front 23

When depicted in ring form, which sugar forms a five element ring?

Back 23

fructose = five element ring ( the ring has 4 carbons and an oxygen although a fructose is 6 carbon sugar)...

glucose forms a 6 carbon ring (5 Cs and 1 O although a 6 carbon sugar)

Front 24

When two monosaccharides are combined they form a ________?

Back 24

disaccharide

Front 25

When a disaccharide is made from two monosaccharides what is the chemical biproduct produced?

Back 25

WATER!!!

The H from one sugar come bines with the OH from the other ... The resulting H20 is released and a bond forms in its place that links the monosaccharides...

Front 26

What is dehydration synthesis?

Back 26

The process of combining two molecules to form one molecule and in the process releasing a water molecule from the reaction

Also known as CONDENSATION

Front 27

What is the opposite (aka reverse reaction) of dehydration synthesis ?

Back 27

Hydrolysis

Front 28

Define Hydrolysis.

Back 28

The process of splitting two molecules apart by adding water to break up a bond.

Front 29

give a synonym for dehydration synthesis

Back 29

condensation

Front 30

what is the name of the bond formed between two sugar molecules?

Back 30

glycosidic bond

formed by dehydration synthesis

Front 31

Name the three most common polysaccarides.

Back 31

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

Front 32

What are two things that polysaccharides are often used for in a cell

Back 32

Storage and structure

Front 33

What is cellulose used for in plants?

Back 33

structural supports ... it makes up the cell wall

Front 34

Is cellulose made of alpha or beta glucose?

Back 34

beta

Front 35

How do plants store alpha glucose?

(The answer is a term ... not just "di/polysaccharides")

Back 35

plastids

Front 36

What do amino acids contain that carbohydrates do not?

Back 36

Nitrogen atoms

Front 37

Name the four parts of an amino acid (the four groups surrounding the central carbon)

Back 37

1) amino group (NH)

2) carboxyl group (COOH)


3) Hydrogen

4) R group could be anything from a H to 19 chain types

Front 38

What makes one amino acid different from another?

Back 38

R group

Front 39

Whatis another name for the R group of an amino acid?

Back 39

the side chain

Front 40

What is the chemical formula for an AMINO group?

Back 40

NH2

Front 41

What is the chemical formula for an ALKYL group?

Back 41

C(n)H(2n+1)

long carbon chain witn no double bonds and only CH bonds

(parenthesis code for subscripts)

Front 42

What is the chemical formula for an METHYL group?

Back 42

CH3

Front 43

What is the chemical formula for an ETHYL group?

Back 43

C2H5

2 carbon chain with no branching and only CH bond character

Front 44

What is the chemical formula for an PROPYL group?

Back 44

C3H7

3 carbon chain with no branches and only CH bond character

Front 45

What is the chemical formula for an CARBOXYL group?

Back 45

COOH

one double bond from the C to the O and a single bond between the C and the HYDROXYL

Front 46

What is the chemical formula for an HYDROXYL group?

Back 46

OH (signal for alcohols and bases!!!)

Front 47

What is the chemical formula for an ALDEHYDE group?

Back 47

CHO

a double bond from an O to the C at the end of a molecule

Front 48

What is the chemical formula for an KETO group?

Back 48

CO

a double bond from an O to a C in the middle of a molecule

Front 49

What is the chemical formula for an CARBONYL group?

Back 49

same as a ketone ... CO

a double bond from an O to a C in the middle of a molecule

Front 50

What is the differnce between a KETO group and an ALDEHYDE group?

Back 50

Ketone = double bond to O located on an internal C

Aldehyde = double bond located on one of the outermost Carbons

Front 51

What is the difference between a CARBONYL and a KETO group?

Back 51

Nothing ... they are both double bonds from c to O in the middle of a molecule

Front 52

What is the chemical formula for an SULFHYDRYL group?

Back 52

SH (only a few amino acids have these so HEADS UP when you see them ... when you see them think of disulfide bonds and the type of environment aka reducing vs oxidizing)

Front 53

What is the difference between an ALDEHYDE group and a CARBONYL group?

Back 53

Carbonyl = Ketone = double bond to O located on an internal C

Aldehyde = double bond located on one of the outermost Carbons

Front 54

What is special about PHENYL groups?

Back 54

C6H5 ... they form RINGS!!!

Front 55

Amino acids join by forming ________ bonds

Back 55

peptide

Front 56

In the formation of peptide bonds, what molecule is released?

Back 56

H20

Front 57

Peptide bond synthesis involved what form of chemical synthesis reaction?

Back 57

Dehydration synthesis

Front 58

Describe the process of peptide bond formation.

Back 58

the OH from the CARBOXYL combines with the H of the Amino group to form water. Water is excluded and the C and the N are linked by a new peptide bond.

Front 59

Define polypeptide

Back 59

string of molecules linked by peptide bonds...

Better description = amino acid

Front 60

When polypeptide folds to create secondary structure it becomes a ________

Back 60

protein

Front 61

What are the elemental components of lipids?

Back 61

C H and O

!!! but not in 1:2:1 ratio !!!

Front 62

What is a functional group?

Back 62

Any of the chemically reactive groups listed in the previous questions ... ketone, amino, methyl, hydroxyl etc

Front 63

What are the 4 most common examples of lipds?

Back 63

1) fats
2) oils
3) steroids (ie chloresterol)
4) phospholipids

Front 64

Triglycerols are composed of the following:

Back 64

1) 1 glycerol C-C-C
| | |
O O O
2) 3 Fatty acids side chains linked to the os (1 side chain for each O

Front 65

Give the best synonym for triglycerides.

Back 65

Fats

Front 66

What is a fatty acid

Back 66

A long carbon chain with an aldehyde at one end ...

this aldehyde will eventually react with one of the Os in glycerol to bind the fatty cid chain to the glycerol molecule

Front 67

What is a simple lipid

Back 67

synonymous with neutral fat

Front 68

Fatty acid side chains can exist in what two states?

Back 68

saturated or unsaturated

Front 69

What does it mean to be a saturated (vs unsaturated ) Fatty Acid?

Back 69

SATURATED fatty acids have NO double bonds between the Cs and Hs of their chain where as UNSATURATED fatty acids have at least one double bond between Cs in the chain

Front 70

In the making of one triglyceride molecule how many water molecules are released

Back 70

3 ... on for every Fatty acid side chain
.

side chains connect to the glycerol molecule via dehydration synthesis

Front 71

What are the neames of the C-O-C bonds formed after the dehydration synthesis of a triglycerol

Back 71

ester bonds ... all C-O-C bonds are ester bonds

Front 72

Define what it means to be a polyunsaturated fatty acid

Back 72

You must have more than 1 double bond

Front 73

What are the four components of a phospholipid?

Back 73

1 glycerol molcule

2 fatty acid side chains

1 phosphate group

Front 74

Whats the difference between a phopholipid and a triglycerol?

Back 74

a triglycerol has 3 fatty acid side chains and a phospholipid has 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

Front 75

What does the phosphate group allow a phospholipid to do that a triglyceride cant?

Back 75

The phosphate group is polar thus making the phospholid amphophilic (loves water and fat)...

this allows it to be incorporated into the lipid bilayer

triglycerides are not amphipathic but instead simply hydrophobic

Front 76

What is the chemical formula for a PHOSPHATE functional group?

Back 76

PO3

Front 77

When placed on the surface of water, what would a phospholipid do?

Back 77

the hydrophyllic (water loving) head would orient towards the water while the two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) would stick out of the water..

When put on the surface of water phospholipids STAND ON THEIR HEADS

Front 78

What is the basic structure of a steroid?

Back 78

four linked highly hydrophobic rings linked to a functional group

Front 79

What is the most common steroid?

Back 79

chloresterol

Front 80

what is the main thing that makes a molecule hydrophyllic (water loving)

Back 80

Charge makes a water more hydrophyllic... remember H20 has partial charge and will want to interact more with charged moleules than uncharched ones

Front 81

What elemental units do nucleic acids contain?

Back 81

C H O N and P ...

P is what makes nucleic acid composition different from protein composition

Front 82

nucleiotides are the building blocks for _________

Back 82

nucleic acids

Front 83

Nucleic acids are made up of small subunits called ____________

Back 83

nucliotides

Front 84

Name two different types of nucleic acids

Back 84

RNA and DNA

ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 85

Oparin and Haldane (scientists) came up with what theory about the primordial atmosphere?

Back 85

Oparin and Haldane theorized that the primordial atmosphere wscomposed of

Methane (CH3)

Ammonia (NH3)

Hydrogen (H2)

Water (H20)

NO FREE OXYGEN

Front 86

What was Miller and Urey's experiemnts based off the work of Oparin and Haldane?

Back 86

Miller and Urey simulated the conditions of primitive earth (methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen) ... added electrical charge to simulate lightning and found that they were able to synthesize AMINO ACIDS

Front 87

What is the term for living organisms that rely on organic molecules for food?

Back 87

heterotrophs

Front 88

What is the term for organisms that can produce organic molecules that they can then use for sustinence?

Back 88

autotrophs

Front 89

What is the HETEROTROPH HYPOTHESIS

Back 89

Scientists belive that the earliest forms of life were heterotrophs that relied on other organic molecules for energy

HETEROTROPHS CAME FIRST