Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
|
Prokaryotic has a nucleoid, instead of a nucleus, which is just a DNA-concentrated REGION without a membrane surrounding it
Eukaryotic cells have a "true nucleus" |
|
|
what is the region between the nucleus and the cell membrane (in Eukaryotic cells) called?
|
cytoplasm
|
|
|
cytoplasm is made up of what?
|
cytosol (a semifluid medium where suspended organelles of specialized form and function are suspended)
|
|
|
what has more resolving power, light or electron microscopes?
|
EMs (can resolve down to .2 nanometers)
LMs can only zoom to .2 micrometers |
|
|
what is resolving power?
|
a measure of clarity of an image; minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two separate points
|
|
|
what is the difference between transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM)?
|
TEMs are used to study internal ultrastructure of cells
SEMs are used to study the surface of a specimen |
|
|
what is cell fractionation and how do you do it?
|
cell fractionation: to take cells apart, separating the major organelles so that their individual functions can be studied
Usually people use centrifuges (ultracentrifuges for the most bang) which rotate so fast that it separates materials into a pellet (consisting of larger structures) and a supernatant (consisting of smaller parts of the cell suspended in the liquid above the pellet) and repeat this separation process at faster and faster speeds |
|
|
why are most cells microscopic?
|
surface area-to-volume ratio, yada yada yada (page 115)
|
|
|
what does the plasma membrane do?
|
acts as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell
|
|
|
what are plasma membranes made up of?
how/why does this work? |
a phospholipid bi-layer
the hydrophilic heads line the outside and inside parts of the membrane while the hydrophobic tails fill in the gap between them, with proteins between the dual layers allowing things to go in and out (different kinds of proteins on p. 146) |
|
|
what do eukaryotic nuclei consist of?
|
a nucleolus, chromatin and a nuclear envelope
|
|
|
what does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn't?
|
chloroplasts, cell wall, plasmodesmata, vacuoles, and tonoplasts (p. 116/117)
|
|
|
how many chromosomes do regular human cells have?
how many do human sex cells (sperm, eggs) have? |
46
23 |
|
|
what is nuclear lamina?
|
nuclear lamina is the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus
|
|
|
what is mRNA (messenger Ribonucleic Acid) used for in the body?
|
the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm by sending mRNA (p. 118)
|
|
|
what are ribosomes?
|
ribosomes are the sites where the cell assembles proteins (118)
"free" ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol "bound" ribosomes are attached to the outside of the ER |
|
|
what is the endomembrane system?
|
a system where membranes are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments through the movement of tiny vesicles (membrane-enclosed sacs) [118]
|
|
|
what is the difference between rough and smooth ER? (no, one is not sandpaper-y)
|
Rough ER (appears "rough" b/c it) has ribosomes attached to it while Smooth ER is ribosome-free
|
|
|
The ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called _________
|
cisternae (p. 120)
|
|
|
what is the function of smooth ER?
|
smooth ER functions in diverse metabolic processes: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and other poisons (120)
|
|
|
what is the function of rough ER?
|
creating secretory proteins (like glycoproteins, proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates), proteins and phospholipids
|
|
|
what are transport vesicles?
|
vesicles that transit from one part of the cell to another (usually transport things like secretory proteins) [121]
|
|
|
which side of the Golgi apparatus is the "cis" face? the "trans" face?
|
"cis" face = side that receives vesicles from the ER
"trans" face = side that ships vesicles off to other sites |
|
|
what are lysosomes?
|
membrane-enclosed sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules thru phagocytosis (124)
|
|
|
what are contractile vacuoles used for in freshwater protists?
|
they pump out excess water from the cell
|
|
|
what do peroxisomes do?
|
they contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen to oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to break down fatty acids and detoxify alcohol
|
|
|
what are mitochondria?
|
the sites of cellular respiration
unique bilayer: outer layer is smooth but inner layer is convoluted with infoldings called CRISTAE (p. 126) |
|
|
what is cellular respiration?
|
oxygen + organic compound (food, usually glucose) --> Carbon dioxide, Water and Energy (heat and ATP)
|
|
|
what are chloroplasts?
|
sites of photosynthesis
|
|
|
what are plastids?
|
I have no clue. Look at page 127.
|
|
|
what are thylakoids?
|
flattened membranous sacs inside the chloroplast
|
|
|
what are grana? (singular, granum)
|
stacks of poker chip-like thylakoids
|
|
|
what are stroma?
|
the fluid outside of thylakoids in the chloroplast
|
|
|
what is the cytoskeleton?
|
the network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that gives cells their shape, anchors some organelles and directs the movement of others.
|
|
|
what are the three different kinds of fibers in the cytoskeleton?
|
microtubules (thickest)
microfilaments (thinnest) intermediate filaments (p. 129) |
|
|
what are microtubules?
|
straight, hollow rods made up of tubulin that shape and support the cell and also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor molecules can move
|
|
|
what are centrosomes?
|
a region located near the nucleus that microtubules radiate from.
Each centrosome is made up of a pair of centrioles. |
|
|
what are flagella and cilia?
|
locomotive appendages that protrude from some cells (move in a rotary motion to propel PROKARYOTIC cells) [130]
|
|
|
what is the structure of cilia or flagella?
|
"9(2)+2" nine doublets of microtubules arranged in a ring with two single microtubules in the center of the ring
|
|
|
what is dynein?
|
a very large protein that makes up the arms extending from microtubule doublets as a motor (good picture on p. 132)
|
|
|
what is actin?
|
a globular protein that makes up microfilaments (aka actin filaments)
two actin molecule chains are twisted in a helix form to make a microfilament |
|
|
what is myosin?
|
a protein that makes up thicker filaments which, along with microfilaments, help cells contract and, therefore, move (131-132)
|
|
|
This was all I could do without...
|
killing myself
|
|
|
For the rest, you have to...
|
look it up.
|
|
|
How much do I hate Bateman's tests?
|
A SH*T-LOAD
|
