Ap Bio Chapters 16.2 / 17.1

Front 1

Taxonomy

Back 1

-Scientific Classification of organisms into groups by structural and functional relationships
-Levels: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
-Kings play chess on fat guy's stools

Front 2

Binomial Nomenclature

Back 2

-Two name system
-Genus, Species
-Homio sapiens (italics, latin, upper and then lower case)

Front 3

Eubacteria

Back 3

-Monera, Domain: Bacteria
-Prokaryotic
-Unicellular
-Heter and Autotroph
-Cell wall with peptidoglycan
-Ex: Cyanobacteria and Ecoli

Front 4

Archaebacteria

Back 4

-Monera
-Prokaryotic
-Hetero and Autotroph
-Cell wall without peptidoglycan
-Lives in extreme conditions
-Without oxygen
-Ex: Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles

Front 5

Protista

Back 5

-Domain: Eukarya
-Eukaryotic
-Mostly unicellular
-Hetero and Autotrophic
-May/may not have a cell wall
-Ex: algae, protozoans, and amoebas

Front 6

Fungi

Back 6

-Domain: Eukarya
-Eukaryotic
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-Cell walls with chitin
-Ex: yest, molds, mushrooms and mildew

Front 7

Plantae

Back 7

-Domain: Eukarya
-Multicellular
-Autotrophic
-Cell walls with cellulose
-Ex: mosses, ferns, trees and flowers

Front 8

Animalia

Back 8

-Domain: Eukarya
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-No cell walls
-Ex: Sponges to humans

Front 9

Prokaryotes

Back 9

-First life form on earth
-Reproduce every 20 min.
-Survive extreme conditions
-Binary Fission
-No nucleus, no organelles
-Two Domains: Bacteria and Archaea
-Harmfull (small %) and beneficial

Front 10

Bacteria

Back 10

-has a unique rRNA sequence
-Has small and simple RNA polymerase
-No introns
-Inhibited antibiotic sensitivity
-Pepetidoglycan in cell wall
-Membrane lipids are carbon cahins that are unbranched

Front 11

Archaea

Back 11

-rRNA sequence is similar to eukaryotic and supports ancestry
-Complex RNA polymerase (euk)
-Has introns in some genes
-Non inhibited antibiotic sensitivity
-No pepetidoglycan in cell wall
-Has branched carbon chains in membrane lipids

Front 12

Bacilli

Back 12

-Rodshaped
-Identifying bacteria by shape

Front 13

Cocci

Back 13

-Spherical
-Identifying bacteria by shape

Front 14

Spirilla

Back 14

-Spiral or cork screw
-Identifying bacteria by shape

Front 15

Strepto

Back 15

-Long Chains
-Identifying bacteria by arrangement

Front 16

Staphylo

Back 16

-Large clumps or clusters
-Identifying bacteria by arrangement

Front 17

Identifying Bacteria

Back 17

1. By Shape
2. By Arrangement
3. By Chemical Natureof Cell walls
4. By Methods of Obtaining Energy
5. Methods of Respiration
6. By Structural Features
7. Pathogenic
8. Benefits of Bacteria

Front 18

Gram Positive

Back 18

(+) Absorb only purple, so appear purple
-Contains Peptidoglycan (no lipids)
-Eubacteria

Front 19

Gram Negative

Back 19

(-) Absorb red stain, appear pink (extra layer of lipids in membrane)
-No Peptidoglycan, but has lipids
-Archaebacteria

Front 20

Photoautotrophs

Back 20

-Make own food by light

Front 21

Chemoautotrophs

Back 21

-Make own food from chemicals

Front 22

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 22

-Get energy from inorganic substances

Front 23

Photoheterotrophs

Back 23

-Get energy from light, but by eating something else

Front 24

Aerobes

Back 24

-Requires constant oxygen

Front 25

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 25

-Must live in the absence of oxygen

Front 26

Faculatative Anaerobes

Back 26

-May live with or without oxygen

Front 27

Flagellum

Back 27

-Used for movement (tail/appendages)

Front 28

Pili

Back 28

-Short appendages used to stick to each other or surfaces
-Sex pili for conjugation (reproduction)

Front 29

Endospore

Back 29

-Thick, protective coat.
-Created during very harsh conditions to remain dormant (hibernate) until conditions are favorable.

Front 30

Actinomycetes

Back 30

-Branching cell chains

Front 31

Pathogenic

Back 31

-Small %, disease causing

Front 32

Exotoxins

Back 32

-Pathogenic
-Toxin SECRETED by cells
-Leaves through walls and released

Front 33

Endotoxins

Back 33

-Toxins in cell walls, can release or eat your cells (breakdown)

Front 34

Benefits

Back 34

-Help ecosystem by recyling nutrients
-Decomposers=breakdown/digest

Front 35

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 35

-Helpful to agriculture
-Converts N2 to NH3 for plants
-Foods, clean water and oil spills
-Synthesize drugs and chemicals

Front 36

Kingdom Protista

Back 36

-group of "left overs"
-3 Types
1. Animal-Like (protozoans)
2. Fungus-Like
3. Plant-Like

Front 37

Protozoans

Back 37

-Animal like
-Heterotrophic, predatory, parasitic or decomposers
-Zooflagellates, Cilitates, Ameobas, Apicomplexans

Front 38

Zooflagellates

Back 38

-Phylum Zoomastigophora
-Move by one or more flagella
-Most freeswimming, nonparasitic
-Parasitic Examples: Giardia and Tryponosoma (african sleeping disease)

Front 39

Ciliates

Back 39

-Phylum Ciliphora
-Move and feed using cilia
-Almost all freeswimming
-Complex cells (mouths, anal pores, and contractile vacuoles)
-Two types of nuclei (one for controlling cell and other for sexual reproduction)
-Example: Paramecium and Vorticella

Front 40

Ameobas

Back 40

-Phylum Rhizopoda and Sarcodina
-Move by pseudopodia
-Ingest food by phagocytosis
-Example: Entamoeba (parasitic)

Front 41

Apicomplexans

Back 41

-Phylum Sporozoa
-All Parasitic
-Example: Plasmodium (causes malaria)

Front 42

Fungus-Like Protists

Back 42

-Form either filaments or spore-bearing bodies
-No chitin in cell walls
-Fuse together, cytoplasm with much nuclei.
-Acrasiomycota, Myxomycota, and Oomycota

Front 43

Acrasiomycota

Back 43

-Cellular slime mold
-Life Cycle: Feeds on bacteria, when bad times, form a colony, then gives off spores that then grow to a new amoeba
-Found on rotting logs and decaying organic matter
-Heterotrophic

Front 44

Myxomycota

Back 44

-Plasmodial Slime molds
-Found on moist, decaying matter
-Single, large mass of cytoplasm undivided by membranes and conaints many nuclei

Front 45

Oomycota

Back 45

-Water molds, mildew and white rusts
-Many nuclei within a single cell
-Cell walls made of cellulose

Front 46

Plant-Like Protists

Back 46

-Obtain energy by photosynthesis
-Contain chlorophyll a
-Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, green algae, brown algae, red algae, golden algae, and euglenoids

Front 47

Dinoflagellates

Back 47

-Phylum Dinoflagellata
-Has two flagella
-Some are bioluminescent
-Have plates made of cellulose
-Can be heterotrophic when no light
-Produce toxins in shellfish that can get us sick
-Causes 'red tide'.

Front 48

Diatoms

Back 48

-Phylum Bacillariophyta
-Glassy cell wall made of silica
-Thin shells that are shiny: used in road paint, etc.
-Major food source for marine
-found floating on surface

Front 49

Green Algae

Back 49

-Phylum Chlorophyta
-Have Chlorophyll a and b, cellulose in cell walls, store carbs as starch.
-Live in colonies. Multicelluklar, possible precursor to plants
-Examples: Chlamydomonas and Volvox

Front 50

Brown Algae

Back 50

-Phylum Phaeophyta
-Multicellular, flagellated sperm cells
-Example: sea weeds or kelp
-Pigments: Fucoxanthin

Front 51

Red Algae

Back 51

-Phylum Rhodophyta
-Contain red pigments called phycobilins
-Multicellular
-Gametes = no flagella

Front 52

Golden Algae

Back 52

-Phylum Chrysophyta
-One or two flagella
-Unicellular

Front 53

Euglenoids

Back 53

-Phylum Euglenophyta
-One to three flagella
-Pellicles (membrane, folds added protection), no cell wall
-Become heterotrophic in absense of light