Ap Bio Chapter 5.1

Front 1

Enzymes

Back 1

-protein molecule that is a biological catalyst
-Does NOT add energy, it lowers the activation energy
-very specific in reactions (3D Shape)
-Reactant is the substrate (what it works on)
-Bind to the substrate at the active site

Front 2

Enzyme Activity

Back 2

-Environments affect activity
-Works best when optimal conditions
-35-40*C: too high, denaturization
-Salinity: ions interfere with chemical bonds
-pH: most are around 4-6

Front 3

Cofactor

Back 3

-Nonprotein helper that accompanies enzymes
- inorganic: zinc, iron, copper (no C)
- organic: vitamins (with C)
-Usually inorganic

Front 4

Enzyme Inhibition

Back 4

-Does not work as well
-Chemicals interfere with activity

Front 5

Competitive Inhibitor

Back 5

-Blocks the substrate and precents it from reacting/working

Front 6

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Back 6

-Binds to enzyme other than active site and changes the shape
-Substrate cannot fit anymore

Front 7

Irreversible

Back 7

-Covalent Bonds: strong, form between inhibitor and enzyme

Front 8

Reversible

Back 8

-Hydrogen Bonds: weak, form between inhibitor and enzyme

Front 9

Reaction is to Proceed..

Back 9

-When the concentration of the substrate is greater than the concentration of the inhibitor

Front 10

Reaction will stop or slow down..

Back 10

-When the concentration of the substrate is less than the concentration of the inhibitor

Front 11

Inhibitors

Back 11

-Important regulators of cellular metabolism
-Help regulate (negative feedback)

Front 12

Negative Feedback

Back 12

-When a metabolic reaction is blocked by its products
-Examples: pesticides, drugs

Front 13

Allosteric Enzymes

Back 13

-Has two binding sites
-Active site for the substrate
-A site for allosteric effector
- Inhibitor: binds and induces the inactive form
- Activator: binds and induces the active form

Front 14

Cell Membrane

Back 14

-Aka "Plasma Membrane"
-Seperates from the exterior environment
-Organize chemical activities of cells
-Controls movement of molecules in/out

Front 15

Selectively Permeable

Back 15

-Allows some substances to cross more easily than others
- Easy: small, polar (exceptions: O2, CO2(Nonpolar))
- Hard: large, charged, nonpolar

Front 16

Phospholipids

Back 16

-Form a bilayer
-Phosphate Head: polar, hydrophilic
-Fatty Acid Tails: nonpolar, hydrophobic

Front 17

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 17

-Double Bonds, Fatty Acid Tails
-Proteins embedded in membrane
-Glycoproteins, cholesteral (provides rigidity), and proteins

Front 18

Protein Types (Cell Membrane)

Back 18

-Peripheral: inner/outer
-Integral: inside
-Transmembrane: spans across

Front 19

Protein Functions (Cell Membrane)

Back 19

-Channel: passageways for hydrophilic substances
-Transport: use ATP to transfer
-Recognition: distinguish the identity of neighboring cells (glycoproteins)
-Adhesion: attach cells to other cells
-Receptor: binding sites for hormones/trigger molecules
-Electron Transfer: transfers electrons during chemical reactions

Front 20

Lyse

Back 20

-To Burst

Front 21

Passive Transport

Back 21

-Diffusion across a membrane from high to low concentration
-No energy required
-Diffuse until equilibriam

Front 22

Diffusion

Back 22

-Particles move from high concentration to love concentration

Front 23

Osmosis

Back 23

-Passive transport of water a cross a membrane
-No energy required

Front 24

Hypertonic

Back 24

-More solute concentration

Front 25

Hypotonic

Back 25

Less (low) concentration

Front 26

Isotonic

Back 26

-Equal concentration

Front 27

Osmoregulation

Back 27

-Water Regulation: to maintain balance
-Balances osmotice pressure between organism and surrounding environment

Front 28

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 28

-No Energy
-Moves down concentration gradient (mostly for big and charged molecules)
-Dependent on availability of transport proteins in membrane

Front 29

Active Transport

Back 29

-Requires Energy (ATP)
-Transport protein actively pumps solute across membrane against the concentration gradient; low to high.

Front 30

Exocytosis

Back 30

-Process to export large materials
-Membrane enclosed vesicles filled with macromolecules moves to plasma membrane, fuses with it and spills the contents out of the cell

Front 31

Endocytosis

Back 31

-Entering
-Take in macromolecule by forming vesicle from plasma membrane

Front 32

Phagocytosis

Back 32

-Endocytosis
-Engulfing solid particles/cell eating

Front 33

Pinocytosis

Back 33

-Endocytosis
-Taking in liquid/cell drinking

Front 34

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Back 34

-Highly specific

Front 35

Hypercholesterolemia

Back 35

-Liver removes excess cholesterol from blood by receptor-mediated endocytosis.