Ap Bio (Chapter 35 - Plat Structure, Growth, Development)

Front 1

Plasticity

Back 1

organism's ability to alter or "mold" in response to conditions.

Front 2

Lateral roots

Back 2

branch roots off of taproots.

Front 3

Fibrous roots

Back 3

thin, spread out roots not off of one central root.

Front 4

adventitious

Back 4

unusual location for somewhere to grow. (roots off of stem)

Front 5

Root Hair

Back 5

extention of root epidermal tissue.

Front 6

nodes

Back 6

where leaves are attached to the stem.

Front 7

internodes

Back 7

segments between where leaves are attached at the stem.

Front 8

terminal bud

Back 8

bud at the end of a shoot.

Front 9

axillary bud

Back 9

potential to form lateral shoot. dormant because of close terminal bud.

Front 10

apical dominance

Back 10

terminal bud inhibits axillary bud growth.

Front 11

blade

Back 11

flat area of leaf

Front 12

petiole

Back 12

joins leaf to node of stem.

Front 13

dermal tissue

Back 13

outer protective tissue of the plant.

Front 14

epidermis

Back 14

tightly packed outer cell layer for nonwoody plants.

Front 15

periderm

Back 15

epidermis for woody plants.

Front 16

cuticle

Back 16

prevents water loss. waxy coating of leaves and stems.

Front 17

trichomes

Back 17

outgrowths of the epidermis

Front 18

vascular tissue system

Back 18

long distance transport tissues.

Front 19

xylem

Back 19

cells that transport water and dissolved minerals.

Front 20

phoelem

Back 20

cells that transport nutrients and sugars.

Front 21

stele

Back 21

root or stem vascular system.

Front 22

vascular cylinder

Back 22

vascular structure of tissue in angiosperms.

Front 23

ground tissue

Back 23

neither dermal nor vascular tissue. is used for storage/photosynthesis/support.

Front 24

pith

Back 24

ground tissue internal to vascular tissue.

Front 25

cortex

Back 25

ground tissue external to vascular tissue.

Front 26

protoplast

Back 26

cell contents of plants exclusive to cell wall.

Front 27

intermediate growth

Back 27

continual growth of plants.

Front 28

determinate growth

Back 28

the timed, ending growth of animals.

Front 29

meristems

Back 29

perpetulaly embryonic tissues.

Front 30

apical meristems

Back 30

tips of roots and buds of shoots.

Front 31

primary growth

Back 31

growing in length

Front 32

herbaceous

Back 32

primary growth produces all plant body in nonwoody plants (grow back year after year)

Front 33

secondary growth

Back 33

in woody plants, growth in the thickness of the plant (lateral meristems).

Front 34

vascular cambrium

Back 34

adds layers of secondary pholem and xylem

Front 35

cork cambrium

Back 35

replaces epidermis with periderm (thicker/tougher)

Front 36

initials cells

Back 36

sources of new cells

Front 37

derivatives

Back 37

continue to divide until they specialize into tissues.

Front 38

primary plant body

Back 38

roots and shoots system produced by apical meristems

Front 39

root cap

Back 39

covers root tip and protects apical meristem. lubricates soil with polysaccharide slime.

Front 40

zone of cell division

Back 40

root apical meristem and derivatives.

Front 41

zone of elongation

Back 41

zone where the cells elongate to make the roots longer.

Front 42

zone of maturation

Back 42

differentiation causes cells to be fully mature.

Front 43

endodermis

Back 43

innermost layer of cortex.

Front 44

pericycle

Back 44

outermost layer in vascular cylinder.

Front 45

leaf primordia

Back 45

projectiles of apical meristem arise from apical dome.

Front 46

parenchyma cells

Back 46

make up ground tissue with thin, flexible walls. "typical" or most popular plant cells. metabolic funcions and least specialized.

Front 47

collenchyma cells

Back 47

support young parts of plant with thick primary walls with lignin. flexible and unrestraining to growth.

Front 48

scherenchyma cells

Back 48

support with thic secondary walls with lignin. rigid and dead at maturity.

Front 49

sclereids

Back 49

shorter and irregular scherenchyma cells. (nutshells and seed coats)

Front 50

fibers

Back 50

threadlike long and tapered scherenchyma cells. (rope and weaving)

Front 51

mesophyll

Back 51

parenchyma cells specialized for photosynthesis

Front 52

palisade mesophyll

Back 52

elongated cells on upper part of leaf

Front 53

spongy mesophyll

Back 53

below palisade mesophyll and loosley arranged with air space.

Front 54

leaf traces

Back 54

connections from vascular bundle in stem.

Front 55

bundle sheath cells

Back 55

enclosing leaf vein.

Front 56

fusiform initials

Back 56

produce elongated cells such as tracheids, vessel elements, xylem fiber, sieve-tube members, parenchyma, and phoelem fibers.

Front 57

ray initials

Back 57

perpendicular to axis that produce vascular rays.

Front 58

heartwood

Back 58

older wood that is no longer transporting xylem sap with water and minerals.

Front 59

sapwood

Back 59

outer layer still transporting xylem sap

Front 60

lenticells

Back 60

small, raised areas where there is space for gas exchange through periderm

Front 61

bark

Back 61

all tissues external to vascular cambrium

Front 62

abradopsis thalamia

Back 62

plant with its genome sequenced

Front 63

systems biology

Back 63

establishing blueprint for plant function.

Front 64

asymmetrical cell division

Back 64

cytoplasm distributed unequally

Front 65

preprophase band

Back 65

determines how cells will be divided (ring of microtubules)

Front 66

phase changes

Back 66

morphological changes from trnsitions in shoot apical meristems activity.

Front 67

meristem identity genes

Back 67

switch on to trigger flower growth.

Front 68

organ identity genes

Back 68

meristem identity genes that determine and regulate development of floral patner.

Front 69

ABC model

Back 69

flower formation model where the genes overlap.