Ap Bio;; Chapter 29: How Plants Colonized Land

Front 1

what are the closest relatives of land plants?

Back 1

green algae called charophyceans

Front 2

what evidence is behind the relationship between plants and charophycean ancestry?

Back 2

-rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis.

-perioxisome enzymes.

-structure of flagellated sperm

-formation of a phragmoplast

Front 3

phragmoplast

Back 3

alignment of cytoskeletal elements and golgi-derived vesicles across the midline of the dividing cell.

Front 4

sporopollenin

Back 4

durable polymer that prevents exposed [like out of water] zygotes from drying out.

Front 5

what are some benefits of the plants leaving the water and moving onto the land?

Back 5

-bright sunlight unfiltered by water and plankton

-atmosphere had an abundance of CO2

-soil was rich in nutrients

-and initially few predators such as herbivores.

Front 6

the traditional scheme equates the kingdom Plantae with what? basically a word the describes all plants.

Back 6

embryophytes

Front 7

five key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent from the charophyceans?

Back 7

-apical meristems
-alternation of generations
-walled spores in sporangia
-multicellular sporangia
-multicellular, dependent, embryos

Front 8

the epidermis covering in many plants is known as what? and whats is its purpose?

Back 8

-cuticle.
-waterproofing, and prevents excess water loss from the above ground organs.

Front 9

what is alternation of generations distinguished by?

Back 9

the fact that there are both multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stages in the life cycle.

Front 10

define sporangia and its purpose

Back 10

sporangia produces the spores and also protects and holds them until they are ready for release.

Front 11

what does gamatangia do?

Back 11

produces gametes within multicellular organs

Front 12

what are the sex organs for plants called?

Back 12

archegonia [female]
and antheridia [male].

Front 13

what is the advantage of apical meristems?

Back 13

because plants cannot move place to place, their roots can elongate, increasing exposure to environmental resources.

Front 14

how did sporopollenin help improve the walls of plant spores?

Back 14

made them very tough and resistant to harsh, dry conditions.

Front 15

what is vascular tissue?

Back 15

cells with tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Front 16

what are nonvascular plants commonly called?

Back 16

bryophytes

Front 17

what are the three sections of nonvascular plants?

Back 17

liverworts [hepatophyta]
hornworts [anthocerophyta]
and mosses [brypthyta]

Front 18

what are the two types of seedless vascular plants?

Back 18

phylum lycophyta
phylum pterophyta

Front 19

what are the two main groups of seed plants?

Back 19

angiosperms [flowering plants]

gymosperms

Front 20

what is the phylum name of angisperms/

Back 20

phylum anthophyta

Front 21

what are lycophytes

Back 21

club mosses
spike mosses
quillworts

Front 22

what are pterophytes

Back 22

ferns
horsetails
whisk ferns

Front 23

what are four types of gymnosperms?

Back 23

phylum ginkgophyta
-ginkgo

phylum cycadophyta
-cycads

phylum gnetophyta
-gnetophytes

phylum coniferophyta
-conifers

Front 24

what are some differences between vascular plants and nonvascular plantts?

Back 24

vascular plants have roots and true leaves.

Front 25

what are some similarities between vascular and nonvascular plants?

Back 25

multicellular embryos
apical meristems

Front 26

protonema

Back 26

green, branched one-cell thick filament with a lot of surface area. it makes one or more buds, with apical meristems that generate gamete-producing structures.

Front 27

gametophore

Back 27

gamaete bearer, made by the protonema

Front 28

what are two reasons that mosses cant grow very tall?

Back 28

such thin body parts could not support a tall plant.

also, lack of a vascular system could not support a large plant because then they could not pass water and nutrients throughout.

Front 29

rhizoids

Back 29

long, tubular single cells that act like roots like in vascular plants.

Front 30

explain the different parts of a bryophyte sporophyte.

Back 30

foot-bottom part that absorbs the nutrients

seta- stem that moves the nutrients through the sporophyte to where they are needed, mainly the capsule [sporangium]

capsule/sporangium- creates spores by meiosis.

Front 31

calyptra

Back 31

protective cap of gametophyte tissue that stops an immautre capsule from releasing spores befroe its ready.

Front 32

peristome

Back 32

the upper part of the capsule features a ring of toothlike strucutres that allow the spores to be let out gradually, and come out mainly uring winds, in which the spores can be carried over longer distances.

Front 33

what is stomata and on which bryophytes is it found on?

Back 33

found on all bryophytes besides liverworts, found in all vascular plants.

they support photosynthesis and can close during dry, hot conditions to reduce water loss.

Front 34

how do bryophytes differ from other plants?

Back 34

nonvascular plants because they do not have intensive transport system.

their life cyles are dominated by gametophytes instead of sporophytes.

Front 35

give five examples of how structures fits function in bryophytes.

Back 35

-large surface area of protonema helps absorb more water and minerals

-seta takes nutrients from the gameophyte to the capsule where the spores are made.

-peristome enables gradual spore release

-stomata enables CO2/O2 exchange while minimizing watre loss

-lightweight spores can be wind dispersed

Front 36

in vascular plants, the sporophytes are not depended on the gametophytes. what advantages does this provide?

Back 36

it made it possible yo have more complex bodies with multiple sporangia.

Front 37

main traits that characterize all living vascular plants.

Back 37

-dominant sporophytes
-transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
-presence of roots
-presence of leaves, such as the sporophylls.

Front 38

xylem

Back 38

conducts most of the water and minerals.

Front 39

what are tracheids

Back 39

found on the xylem, and thye are tube shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots.

these are usually dead cells, their cell walls make up the tubing for the water being carried.

Front 40

what are other names for nonvascular and vascular plants?

Back 40

nonvascular= bryophytes
vascular= tracheophytes.

Front 41

how are water conductiing cells in vascular plants strenghtened/

Back 41

they are lignified with a polymer called lignin.

Front 42

phloem

Back 42

sugar-conducting cells that distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products.

Front 43

what is another advatage of lignified vascular tissue besides the fact that it streghtens xylem walls?

Back 43

it makes them strong enough to stop drooping, and allow them to be tall and still be able to recieve water and minerals from the ground.

Front 44

what advantages do roots have over the nonvascular plant's rhizoids?

Back 44

they allow the plant to absrod water and nutrients from the soil and allow the planbt to grow taller.

Front 45

what are the advantages behind leaves?

Back 45

they increase the surface area of vascular plants and therefore can do photosynthesis more efficently.

Front 46

microphylls

and who has them.

Back 46

all lycophytes ahve them.

small, usually spine shaoped leaves with a single vein.

Front 47

megaphylls

and who has them.

Back 47

almost all vascular plants have them.

highly branched vascular system.

Front 48

sporophylls.

Back 48

modified leaves bearing sporangia.

Front 49

sori

Back 49

when fern sporophylls produce clusters of sproangia.

Front 50

strobili

Back 50

when in many lycophythes and in most gymnosperms, groups of sporophylls form cones.

Front 51

what is homosporous and who usually has it?

Back 51

most seedless vascular plants have it.
they have one type of sporphyll making bisexual gametphytes, like in ferns.

Front 52

what is heterosprous and who suusally ahs it?

Back 52

two types of sporophylls and create two types of spores.

Front 53

megaspores

Back 53

megasporangia in megasporogphylls produce mega spores.

FEMALE.

Front 54

microspores.

Back 54

microsporangia in microsporophylls create microspores.

MALE.

Front 55

what are a few key differences between seedless vascular plant and bryophytes?

Back 55

-sporophyte domananint lifecycle

--prescence of xylen and phloem

--evolution ofroots and leaves

Front 56

what is the major difference between most lycophytes and most ferns and their relatives/

Back 56

most lycophytes have microphylls , while ferns and their relatives usually have megaphylls.