Ap Bio (Chapter 27 - Prokaryotes)

Front 1

cocci

Back 1

bacterial shape of spheres

Front 2

bacilli

Back 2

bacterial shape of rods.

Front 3

spirals

Back 3

third bacterial shape.

Front 4

peptidoglycan

Back 4

sugar polymers that make up the walls of prokaryotes.

Front 5

gram stain

Back 5

method of seeing whether the prokaryote's cell wall has a simple or complex wall to tell if it is toxic.

Front 6

gram negative

Back 6

result of a gram stain where the prokaryote's cell wall is complex, with lipolysaccarides as an outer layer above the petidoglycean. normally toxic because outer membrane impedes drugs.

Front 7

gram positive

Back 7

result of a gram stain test that proves that the prokaryote's cell wall is a simple, peptidoglycean wall that is easilly penetrated by drugs.

Front 8

lipolysaccharides

Back 8

lipids and carbohydrates combined to make a layer or protection.

Front 9

capsule

Back 9

covers cell wall.
can be a sticky protein or polysaccharide or can shield.

Front 10

fimbriae

Back 10

hairlike appendages on prokaryotes.

Front 11

taxis

Back 11

movement toward/away from a stimulus.

Front 12

endospores

Back 12

created in harsh conditions for essential lacking nutrient.

Front 13

photoautotrouphs

Back 13

get food from light

Front 14

chemoautotrouphs

Back 14

get food from CO2 and inorganic substances

Front 15

photoheterotrophs

Back 15

get food from organic carbon and light.

Front 16

chemoheterotrouphs

Back 16

get food from organic carbon and energy.

Front 17

obligate aerobes

Back 17

need O2 for respiration

Front 18

facultative anarobes

Back 18

can use O2 if avalable, or can revert to fermentation.

Front 19

obligate anarobes

Back 19

poisoned by O2 and can only use fermentation for respiration

Front 20

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 20

converting nitrogen to amonia for a self-sufficient respiration.

Front 21

Extremophiles

Back 21

archaea that live in extreme conditions

Front 22

extreme themophiles

Back 22

archaea that live in very hot conditions

Front 23

extreme halophiles

Back 23

archaea that live in very salty conditions

Front 24

methanogens

Back 24

archaea that release methane when the use CO2 to oxidize H2
poisoned by O2 because they are obligate anarobes.

Front 25

commensalism

Back 25

simbiosis where one organism benifits and the other is neutral.

Front 26

parasitism

Back 26

simbiosis where one organism benefits at the expense of another.

Front 27

exotoxins

Back 27

proteins secreted by pathogenic or harmful prokaryotes.

Front 28

endotoxins

Back 28

liposaccharides in outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, when the bacteria die, they break down and poison their hos.

Front 29

bioremediation

Back 29

using prokaryotes to remove pollutants.