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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbon skeletons
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chains of carbons
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Organic chemistry
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compounds that contain carbon
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Miller
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1953
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hydrocarbons
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make up "tails" of fat/fossil fuels, are hydrophobic due to nonpolar bonds of H + C in hydrogen, and store large amounts of energy
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Isomers
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molecules w/ same molecular formula, but different shapes = different properties
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structural isomer
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moles that differ in which atoms they share bonds with and possibly location of double bonds
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geometric
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moles where some atoms are bonded, but have different spatial arrangements (due to double bonds)
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enantiomer
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(L/R hand) molecules that are mirror images of each other, can convert to good/bad (medicine)
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How an organic material behaves is based on:
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arrangement on the carbon skeleton and the functional groups attached.
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functional group
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specific groups of atoms attached to an organic material
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hydroxyl group
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[OH, HO]
Found in alcohols; polar covalent bond which helps alcohol dissolve in water. |
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carbonyl group
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[C=O]
Found at end of carbon skeleton = aldehyde Found within carbon skeleton = ketone |
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carboxyl group
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[COOH]
compounds w/ CO2H are called Carboxylic acids; H separates to form a weak acid. |
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amino group
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[NH2]
organic compounds containing this are called amines; accepts H+ so it acts as a base. If combined with carboyxl, it forms amino acids. |
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sulfhydryl group
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[SH]
organic compounds w/ SH are called thiols; helps stabilize the structure of some proteins. |
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phosphate group
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[OPO3 ^-2]
Anion formed by dissociation of phosphoric acid; involved in energy transfer between organic molecules (ATP). |
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4 Most common elements?
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C,H,O,N
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Trace elements
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are required by organisms only in very small quantities (ex: Fe)
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atom
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smallest unit of an element
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elements
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cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical means
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Subatomic particles
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protons, electrons, neutrons
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covalent bond
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formed when electrons are SHARED between atoms
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nonpolar covalent
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electrons are shared equally between atoms
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polar covalent
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electrons are not shared equally
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Polar molecule
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Partially positive and partially negative; Water is polar
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Hydrogen bond
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weak chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
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