Ap Bio (Campbell - Quiring - Unit 1

Front 1

active site

Back 1

The active site of the enzyme is where it binds.

Front 2

allosteric site

Back 2

a region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind

Front 3

enzyme

Back 3

a chemical catalyst that lowers the energy required for
the reaction (activation energy) allowing for the reaction to occur more frequently.

Front 4

competitive inhibitor

Back 4

Resembles the substrate and fills the active site with no reaction.

This stops the enzyme from working by bonding and altering its ability to do its job.

Front 5

activator

Back 5

Sometimes it is most appropriate to have an enzyme be turned off by default and activate it.

The activator attaches to the allosteric site and changes the protein to the proper functional shape.

Front 6

denature

Back 6

Because Enzymes always have an optimal pH or Temperature for their function, the farther away from the optimal temp or pH the more the enzyme denatures i.e. is unable to do its job.

Front 7

cohesion

Back 7

Hydrogen bonds holding the entire substance together.
- Ex. Plant water transport (also adhesion)

Front 8

adhesion

Back 8

Hydrogen bonds with other substances (like side of a straw)

demonstrated when you see beads of water on a waxed car hood

Front 9

surface tension

Back 9

Hydrogen bonds form an arrangement on the surface

Front 10

acidic

Back 10

Acids are Hydrogen ions H+ formed during Disassociation of water

a pH that is lower than 7.0 indicates that the substance is acidic - has more H+ ions than pure water.

Ex: gasttic juice ph 2, Urine pH 6

Front 11

basic

Back 11

bases are Hydroxide ions OH- formed during Disassociation of water

Basic is any substance with a pH greater than 7.0,"", having more OH- ions than pure water (aka alkaline)

Bleach is pH 13

Front 12

neutral

Back 12

The amount of H+ that is made in pure water is about equal to a pH of 7. That's why 7 is neutral.

Front 13

hypothesis

Back 13

x

Front 14

theory

Back 14

x

Front 15

polar

Back 15

Having unequal distribution of electrons. The 2 ends of the molecule have a charge.

Thus, in water, the oxygen side is - and h +

Front 16

nonpolar

Back 16

Having a bond in which the number of electrons are equally shared.

Front 17

substrate

Back 17

chemical reactant the enzyme binds to. Held by weak interactions (hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds)

Note: Enzymes are very specific to a particular substrate (lock and key)

Front 18

free energy

Back 18

Free energy (ΔG) really just means available energy.

In the Gibbs free energy system, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

ie Total energy ofa system (enthalpy) - (temp)(entropy)

Front 19

enthalpy

Back 19

Enthalpy (ΔH) is the total energy of a system.

Front 20

entropy

Back 20

Entropy (ΔS) is the disorder or randomness of a system

2nd law of thermodynamics: In the closed universe, every energy transfer or transformation increases
the entropy of the universe.

Front 21

organic

Back 21

Organic compounds are large carbon-based compounds created by living things. (EX: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.)

Front 22

inorganic

Back 22

Inorganic compounds are found naturally without the help of living organisms. (EX: H2O, CO2, O2, H2S, NaCl)

Front 23

trace element

Back 23

Elements required in very small amounts.

Front 24

isomer

Back 24

A variation of the structure of an organic molecule with
the same molecular formula

Front 25

enantiomer

Back 25

Mirror image (thalidomide for pregnancy)

Front 26

polymer

Back 26

Polymers are chains of identical or very similar
molecules called monomers. The size of these types of molecules is unlimited.

Polymers are put together using a process called condensation or dehydration.

Front 27

monomer

Back 27

similar molecules called monomers.

Front 28

condensation

Back 28

The process by which polymers are put together using a process called condensation or dehydration. An H from one monomer is removed with an OH from the other to form water. The two molecules are
then linked together.

Front 29

hydrolysis

Back 29

The process by which Polymers are taken apart by breaking water and adding an H to one monomer with an OH to the other. (aka dehydration) The two monomers are then separated

Front 30

catalyst

Back 30

a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

ex: Enzymes

Front 31

activation energy

Back 31

The energy required for the reaction

Enzymes lower activation energy, allowing for the reaction to occur more frequently

Front 32

metabolism

Back 32

the sum of all of an organism's chemical reactions.

The pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

Front 33

catabolic

Back 33

Pathways - break down complex molecules into simpler
compounds and release energy

Front 34

anabolic

Back 34

Pathways - Build complicated molecules from simpler
ones and absorb energy.

Front 35

endergonic

Back 35

If ΔG > 0 the reaction is not spontaneous & needs energy

ex: Photosynthesis - requires energy to increase order

Front 36

exergonic

Back 36

ΔG < 0 It is a spontaneous reaction (exergonic)

ex: Cellular Respiration - releases energy from the loss of order or increase in entropy. ΔG= -686kcal/mol

Front 37

spontaneous reaction

Back 37

Spontaneous reactions are those that with a little push of
energy will go on their own.

aka exergonic