Ap Bio (Campbell) 5. Macromolecules

Front 1

Macromolecule

Back 1

a very large molecule, for instance a protein, formed of thousands of atoms

Front 2

Polymer

Back 2

a large molecule made of many building blocks that are similar or identical and linked by covalent bonds. This is similar to a train of cars.

Front 3

What three classes of organic compounds are polymers?

Back 3

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

Front 4

Monomer

Back 4

small molecules that are the building blocks (train cars) in a polymers. Sometimes they have their own functions.

Front 5

Condensation reaction

Back 5

a chemical reaction where 2 molecules bond or unbond using a water molecule

Front 6

Dehydration reaction

Back 6

a specific form of condensation reaction because a water molecule is lost. Each cells supplies part of the water molecule

Front 7

Why are enzymes needed for dehydration?

Back 7

dehydration reactions require energy from the cell and enzymes are special proteins that chemical reactions faster

Front 8

Hydrolysis

Back 8

a kind of condensation reaction, the reverse of dehydration where in polymers are disassembled by adding water molecules.

Front 9

How is hydrolysis useful in our bodies?

Back 9

most organic food enter the body as polymers that cannot fit into cells enzymes attack them, speed hydrolysis and the monomers that are released are let into the blood to go to all other cells where they will be reassembled into different polymers by dehydration.

Front 10

How many common monomers are all polymers made out of?

Back 10

50 monomers

Front 11

Why can hundreds of thousands of polymers be made out of a relatively small number of monomers?

Back 11

they are arranged in unique ways

Front 12

What is the elegance of molecular logic?

Back 12

small molecules are arranged into unique macromolecules

Front 13

Carbohydrates

Back 13

fuel and building material, including sugar and their polymers.

Front 14

Monosaccharides

Back 14

monomer of carbohydrates. single sugar or simple sugars.

Hint 14

None

Front 15

What is cellular respiration?

Back 15

the process where cells extract energy from glucose molecules.

Front 16

Disaccharide

Back 16

two monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic linkage

Front 17

Glycosidic linkage

Back 17

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Front 18

Polysaccharides

Back 18

macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.

Front 19

What are the 2 roles of polysaccharides

Back 19

1. storage material to provide sugar cells 2. building material for structures that protect cells or organisms

Front 20

Starch

Back 20

a polysaccharide made out of glucose that provides storage in plants.

Front 21

Glycogen

Back 21

simple starch stored in animal cells and drawn upon when sugar is needed. Lasts a short time.

Front 22

Cellulose

Back 22

helps to make the strong plant walls in cells. Made of glucose in the beta form

Front 23

Why is cellulose important to a healthful diet?

Back 23

cellulose it isn’t important nutritionally but stimulates mucus by abrading fibrils in the digestive tract

Front 24

Chitin

Back 24

forms the exoskeletons of animals, walls in fungi instead of cellulose

Front 25

Lipids

Back 25

compounds with no affinity for water because they are made mostly of hydrocarbons

Front 26

Fat

Back 26

made of glycerol and fatty acids, not polymers but are made by dehydration reactions from smaller molecules

Front 27

Fatty acid

Back 27

long carbon skeleton (16 or 18 atoms) with a carboxyl group and attached hydrocarbon chains

Front 28

Ester linkage

Back 28

a bond between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group

Front 29

Triacylglycerol

Back 29

a fat consisting of three fatty acids (tails) linked to one glycerol molecule (the head). Aka: triacylglyceride

Front 30

how is a Saturated fatty acid organized?

Back 30

because there are no double bonds between the carbon atoms as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton

Hint 30

None

Front 31

Unsaturated fatty acid

Back 31

has one or more double bonds formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton.

Front 32

Denaturation

Back 32

a protein unraveling and loosing its native conformation because the pH, salt concentration, temperature or other aspects of chemical and physical conditions

Front 33

Why are denaturated proteins inactive?

Back 33

they are misshapen

Front 34

What are 3 denaturation agents?

Back 34

1)transferring from an aqueous environment to an organic solvent because they turn inside out 2) chemicals that disrupt bonds that maintain shape 3) heat that agitates the polypeptide chain and hurts weak bonds that stabilize conformation

Front 35

X-ray crystallography

Back 35

the method dependent upon delection of an X-ray bean by atoms in the crystal of a protein to find the spatial coordinates atoms.

Front 36

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 36

genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. DNA direction RNA synthesis and protein synthesis

Front 37

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 37

used to send messages

Front 38

Nucleotides

Back 38

monomers that make up nucleic acids

Front 39

Primidine

Back 39

nitrogenous base, six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Front 40

Purines

Back 40

bigger than pyrimidine, six membered ring stuck to a five membered ring

Front 41

Polynucleotide

Back 41

a nucleic acid polymer made of nucleotides joined by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages between

Front 42

Double helix

Back 42

the 3D structure of DNA

Front 43

Phospholipids

Back 43

are like fats with only 2 fatty acid tails

Front 44

Micelle

Back 44

phospholipid droplet with the heads on the outside protecting the tails from water

Front 45

Phospholid bilayer

Back 45

head on the outside facing away from each other and the tails on the inside

Front 46

Steroids

Back 46

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Front 47

Cholesterol

Back 47

steroid often found in animal cells, other steroids are built upon it

Front 48

Water are the 7 functions of proteins?

Back 48

1. structural support 2. storage 3. transport 4. signaling 5. movement 6. defense 7. regulate metabolism

Front 49

Polypeptides

Back 49

polymers made of many amino acids

Front 50

What is a protein made of?

Back 50

one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations

Front 51

Amino acid

Back 51

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

Front 52

Peptide bond

Back 52

when 2 amino acids are joined through dehydration between a carboxyl group and amino group

Front 53

What does the function of a protein depend on?

Back 53

its ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule

Front 54

Primary structure

Back 54

the unique sequence of amino acids in a protein

Front 55

Frederic Sanger

Back 55

worked out the amino acid sequence in insulin

Front 56

Secondary structure

Back 56

coil and folds in patters that contribute to the proteins conformation. Results of hydrogen bonds.

Front 57

Alpha helix

Back 57

a delicate coil hold together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid

Front 58

Beta pleated sheet

Back 58

two or more regions of polypeptide chain lie parallel to each other. There are hydrogen bonds between hydrogen bonds and parts of the backbone to hold it together.

Front 59

Tertiary structure

Back 59

consists of irregular contortions from interactions between side chains

Front 60

Hydrophobic interaction

Back 60

amino acids with hydrophobic side chains end up at the middle when a polypeptide folds into the function formation. Happens because water molecules and exclude the hydrophobic molecules

Front 61

What 3 things help hold tertiary bond together?

Back 61

1. van der Waals interactions 2. hydrogen bonds 3. ionic bonds (all are weak)

Front 62

Disulfide bridges

Back 62

enforce protein. Form when amino acids with sulfhydryl groups (-SH) are brought together by folding

Front 63

Quatrency structure

Back 63

the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide submits

Front 64

Why are denaturated proteins inactive?

Back 64

they are misshapen

Front 65

How do chaperonins help the folding of polypeptides?

Back 65

they keep the new polypeptide separated by bad things while it fold on its own.

Front 66

How can we summarize the flow of genetic information?

Back 66

DNA>RNA>proteins

Front 67

Ribosomes

Back 67

the places where proteins are synthesized

Front 68

What does mRNA do?

Back 68

moves the protein building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (where the ribosomes are in eukaryotic cells) and to send messages between ribosomes and translating equipment in prokaryotic cells

Front 69

What are the three components of nucleotides?

Back 69

1) nitrogenous base (organic molecule) 2) pentose (5-carbon sugar) 3) phosphate group

Front 70

Ribose

Back 70

nitrogen base in the nucleotides of RNA

Front 71

Deoxyribose

Back 71

nitrogen base in the nucleotides of DNA, same as ribose except one of its carbons is missing an oxygen

Front 72

What are the 3 pyrimidines?

Back 72

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) only DNA, Uracil (U) only RNA

Front 73

What are the 2 Purines?

Back 73

Adenine (A), Guanine (G)

Front 74

The two strands of the double helix are _________

Back 74

complimentary, you can tell one if you know the other

Hint 74

None

Front 75

What are the base pairs?

Back 75

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) – Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

Front 76

Proteins are the products of what?

Back 76

genes (DNA)

Front 77

What is the function and examples of structural proteins?

Back 77

support- spiders use silk to make webs, collagen and elastin are in animal tissues and keratin is in hair, horns, etc.

Front 78

What is the function and examples of storage proteins?

Back 78

storage of amino acids, obalbumin is in egg white and is an amino acid source for the embryo. Casein give amino acids to baby cows. Seeds store proteins in plants

Front 79

What is the function and examples of transport proteins?

Back 79

transport of other substances, hemoglobin moves oxygen out from the lungs, some proteins move molecules through cell membranes

Front 80

What is the function and examples of hormonal proteins?

Back 80

coordination of organism’s activities, insulin regulated blood sugar in vertebrates

Front 81

What is the function and examples of receptor proteins?

Back 81

response of cell to chemical stimuli, receptors in membrane of a nerve cell determine chemical signals from other nerve cells

Front 82

What is the function and examples of contractile proteins?

Back 82

movement, acting and myosin move muscles, other proteins move cilia and flagella

Front 83

What is the function and examples of defensive proteins?

Back 83

protection against disease, antibodies combat bacteria and viruses

Front 84

What is the function and examples of enzymatic proteins?

Back 84

selective acceleration of chemical reaction, digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of polymer in food