Ap Bio

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phytoplankton

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phyoplanktons are consumed so quickly by the zooplankton that they never develop a large population. They have a short turnover time.

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turnover time

Back 2

(Standing crop(g/m^2)) / (Production(g/m^2*day))

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population

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a localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offsprings

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zooplankton

Back 4

phyoplanktons are consumed so quickly by the zooplankton that they never develop a large population. They have a short turnover time.

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R-selection

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selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments; also called density-independent selection

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K-selection

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selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density; also called density-dependent selection

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competitive exclusion

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concept that if two populations compete for the same limited resource, one specie will be more efficient and the other will be eliminated

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ecological niche

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a sum of species use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

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fundamental niche

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potentially occupied the specie

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realized

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actually occupied the specie

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interspecific competition

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competition between individuals of two or more species for limited resources.

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intraspecific competition

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competition between the same specie for a resource

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Batesian mimicry

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an harmless speicie mimics a harmful specie

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Mullerian mimicry

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two or more harmful species resemble each other. helps them because more predetors, more fear.

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parasitism

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one organism, parasite, steals nutrients from another organism, host, which is harmed.

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commensalism

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interaction between species that benefits one of the species but neither harms nor helps the other.

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mutualism

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interspecific interaction that benefits both species.

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symbiosis

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relationship when two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another.

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succession

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a disturbed place is colonized by a variety of species and those species are eventually replaced by other species

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pioneer species

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species that lead the succession

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primary succession

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when a visually lifeless and disturbed area is colonized by variety of new species

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secondary succession

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an existing area is disturbed leaving the soil intact and other speices come in to colonize

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island biogeography

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rate of # of species migrating to the island and rate of species being extinct on the island. Affected by the size of the island and the distance from a main land.

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ecosystem

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the combination of all the species and the abiotic factors in a certain territory

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trophic level

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Sunlight - primary producer - secondary producer - tertiary consumers - quaternary consumers

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detritivores

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organisms that gain their energy from dead organism

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primary productivity

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amount of sunlight energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by primary producers at a given time

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biomass

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total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat

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eutrophication

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process which phosphorus and nitrogen become concentrated in water increasing the number of organisms

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biological magnification

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the concentration of toxins is increased as the trophic level increases

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biome

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all of the earth major ecosystems

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biotic factor

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living factors that contirbute to an organims life

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abiotic factor

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non living physical and chemical properties of the enviornment

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semelparous

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all of the offsprings are given off at once. big bang reproduction

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iteroparous

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reproduction of offsrpings occur over the years; repreated reproduction

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thermocline

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narrow layer of water of abrupt temp. change

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oligotrophic

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nutrient poor and oxygen rich

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eutrophic

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nutrient rich and depeleted of oxygen

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permafrost

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a permanentkly frozen soil layer

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resource partitioning

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the division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species.

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keystone species

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a specie that is not abundant but still a strong control on the community structure by its ecological role or niche.

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autotroph

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uses the sunlight or oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules.

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heterotroph

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an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them

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extinction vortex

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a downward drift of a populationdue to loss of genetic variation.

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bioremediation

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the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

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anthropomorphism

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attribution of human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings, phenomena, material states and objects or abstract concepts

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ethology

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study of animal behavior

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biological clock

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internal timekeeper that controls an organism's biological rhythm

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circadian rhythm

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a physiological cycle of about 24 hrs that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and persists even in absence of external cues

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altruism

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selflessness; behavior that reduces an individuals fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual

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kin selection

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natural selection that facors altruistic behaviors by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives

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optimal foraging model

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basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise between feeding costs and feeding benefits

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habituation

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a simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsivemess to stimuli that has no relavance

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MVP

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used to determine the effective population size using the sex ratio of the organisms capable to breed

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cognition

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process of knowing that may include awarness reasoing recollection and judgement

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orientation behavior

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places the organism in its most favorable environment

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cryptic coloration

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camouflage

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aposematic colortaion

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a bright coloration of animals with effective pphyscial and chemical defesens that acts as a warnign signal