Ap Bio

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Apoptosis

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the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death.

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Active transport

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Is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient).

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Cell wall

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a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose.

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Centrioles

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is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way. There are nine groups of microtubules.

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Chloroplast

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are the food producers of the cell. The organelles are only found in plant cells and some protists such as algae.

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Concentration gradient

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is the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles.

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Cytoplasm

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is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane.

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Diffusion

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refers to the process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion.

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Endocytosis

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is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane.

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Golgi apparatus

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It is another packaging organelle like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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Hypertonic

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Greater concentration

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Hypotonic

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solution is any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution.

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Isotonic

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Having the same concentration of solutes as the blood

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Lysosome

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an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

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Mitochondrion

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double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells

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Nuclear envelope

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double lipid bilayermembrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

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Phospholipid

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a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes.

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Plasma membrane

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a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from theoutside environment.

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Plasmolysis

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the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution.

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Prokaryotic cells

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contain large RNA/proteinstructures called ribosomes, which produce protein.

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Ribosome

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ancient molecular machines that are responsible for production of protein in all living cells.

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Selectively permeable

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partially permeablemembrane or a differentiallypermeable membrane, is a type of biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion,

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Eukaryotic cells

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contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. In addition, plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Many unicellular organisms, such as protozoa, are eukaryotes

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Facilitated diffusion

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transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

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Fluid mosaic model

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xplains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes.

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Nucleus

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the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.

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Osmosis

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the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

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Passive transport

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movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.

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Vacuole

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is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.