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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Isomers
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differ in covalent arrangement (different skeleton)
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hydroxyl
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Alcohols
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carbonyl (two kinds)
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Aldehyde & Ketone
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carboxyl
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Carboxyl Acid
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amino
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Amines
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sulfhydryl
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Thiols
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phosphate
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organic phosphates
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polymers
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large macromolecules consisting of many identical or similar repeating units
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monomer
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repeating units
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dehydration synthesis
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condensation
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hydrolysis
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splitting w/ H2O
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carbohydrates
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sugars and their polymers
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monosaccharides
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simple sugars/monomers
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disaccharides
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two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bond
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polysaccharides
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hundreds to thousands of monomers
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glycogen
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animal "starch"
similar to amylose/amylopectin only small and more highly branched |
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cellulose
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structural polysaccharides
*most common organic compound on earth |
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chitin
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amino sugar polymer
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lipids
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diverse group
1 common characteristic & hydrophobic |
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fats
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glycerol + fatty acids
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phospholipids
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related to the neutral fats
only two fatty acids 3rd carbon of glycerol attached to phosphate group in turn attached to another small (usually charged) |
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How many different Amino Acids are there?
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20
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peptide bond
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a covalent bond to join 2 amino acids from the carboxyl end to the amino end
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What do polypeptide always have?
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an N terminus and a C terminus
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primary structure
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linear sequence
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secondary structure
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area of polypeptide chain that repeatedly coil or fold and are stabilized by hydrogen bonding
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tertiary structure
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irregular contortions super imposed on secondary by hydrophobic/hydrophillic interactions
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nucleic acids
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monomer: nucleotides
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nucleotide
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1. Pentose(5-C sugar)
2. Nitrogenous base 3. Phosphate |
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purines
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adenine guanine
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glycogen
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animal "starch"
similar to amylose/amylopectin only small and more highly branched |
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cellulose
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structural polysaccharides
*most common organic compound on earth |
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chitin
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amino sugar polymer
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lipids
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diverse group
1 common characteristic & hydrophobic |
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fats
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glycerol + fatty acids
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phospholipids
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related to the neutral fats
only two fatty acids 3rd carbon of glycerol attached to phosphate group in turn attached to another small (usually charged) |
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How many different Amino Acids are there?
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20
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peptide bond
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a covalent bond to join 2 amino acids from the carboxyl end to the amino end
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What do polypeptide always have?
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an N terminus and a C terminus
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primary structure
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linear sequence
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secondary structure
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area of polypeptide chain that repeatedly coil or fold and are stabilized by hydrogen bonding
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tertiary structure
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irregular contortions super imposed on secondary by hydrophobic/hydrophillic interactions
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nucleic acids
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monomer: nucleotides
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nucleotide
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1. Pentose(5-C sugar)
2. Nitrogenous base 3. Phosphate |
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purines
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adenine guanine
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pyrimidines
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cytosine
thymine (DNA) uracil (RNA) |
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metabolism
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sum total of all chemical reactions complex in an organism
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catabolic
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breakdown
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anabolic
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synthesis
build-up |
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enthalpy
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heat or energy content
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entropy
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measure disorder (randomness)
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energy coupling
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exergonic reaction drive endergonic reaction
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collision theory
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for a reaction to happen, one has to collide
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cytology
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science of cell biology
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light microscope
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visible passes through specimen
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magnification
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how much larger in comparison to its real size
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resolution
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resolving power is a measure of the clarity of an image
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electron microscopes
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beam of focused electron instead of light
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Functions of microtubules
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1. Maintenance of cell shape (compression - resisting "girders")
2. Cell motility (as in cilia or flagella) 3. Chromosome movements in cell division 4. Organelles movements |
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Functions of microfilaments
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1. Maintenance of cell shape (tension - bearing elements)
2. Change in cell shape 3. Muscle contraction 4. Cytoplasmic streamina 5. Cell motility (as in pseudopodia) 6. Cell division (cleavage furrow formation) |
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prokaryotes
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1. no nucleus
2. does not divide into compartments 3. no membrane bounded organelles |
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eukaryotes
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1. cytoplasm divided into compartments (one makes ATP, etc.)
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Anchoring junction
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connects one cell to an adjacent cell
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Gap junction
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move from one cytoplasm to another
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membrane fluidity
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membrane lipids are very mobil in the lateral plane of the membrane
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membrane permiability
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must be able to maintain a chemical composition within its boundaries that is different from the surrounding solution yet still permit the selective uptake of nutrients & elimination of waste products
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Diffusion & Passive Transport
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movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration by random molecular motion
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osmosis
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diffusion of H2O across a membrane
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active transport
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movement of molecules "uphill" against concentration gradient {requires use of cellular energy (ATP)}
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co-transport
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a separate membrane protein couples the transport ("downhill") of one substance to the "uphill" transport of a second substance
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oxidation reaction
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involves the removal of electrons
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reduction reaction
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involves the gain of electrons
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Autotrophic
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make all of their organic components from inorganic materials
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Photoautotrophs
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use light as the source of energy to power the synthesis of carbohydrates and other organic molecules
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Chemoautotrophs
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obtain energy for synthesis of organic compounds from the oxidation of inorganic molecules of sulfur and ammonia
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Heterotrophs
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live on compounds produced by other organisms
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NADP+
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Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphate
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