Ap Bio 21-24

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Archae-bacterium

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Member of the prokaryotic domain Archaebacteria

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Bacillus (bacilli)

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Rod shaped prokaryotic cell

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bacterial chromosome

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circularized, doublestranded DNA molecule with few proteins

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bacteriophage

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category of virses that infect bacterial cells

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cell wall

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a semirigid, permeable structure external to the plasma membrane; helps many cells retain their shape and resist rupturing

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coccus

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spherically shaped prokaryotic cell

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conjungation

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prokaryotic gene transfer mode, also protistan sexual reproductive mode

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disease

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outcome of infection when defenses aren't mobilized fast enough and a pathogen's activities interfere with normal body functions

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emerging

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deadly pathoden, either newly mutated or newly opportunistic strain

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endospore

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Resting structure formed by some bacteria; encloses a duplicate of the bacterial chromosome and a portion of cytoplasm

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Epidemic

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Rapid spread, then subsidence, of a disease within a population

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eubacteriam

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Prokaryotic cell; has a nucleoid, but no nucleus, cytoplasm, or cell membrane; most have a cell wall, some encapsulated.

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extreme halophile

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Archaebacterium of unusually saline habits (ie salt lakes)

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extreme thermophile

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archaebacterium of very hot acquatic habits (ie hot springs)

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fruiting body

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spore-bearing structures formed by some bacteria, fungi

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glycocalyx

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stuicky mesh forming a capsule or slime layer around a bacteria cell wall

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Gram stain

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A sample of cells is exposed to purple dye, then iodine, then an alcohol wash an counterstain. Cell walls of Gram-positive species stay purple; Gram-negative turn pink.

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heterocyst

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Cyanobacterial cell, self-modified, that synthesizes a nitrogen-fixing enzyme when nitrogen supplies dwindle.

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infection

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Invasion and multiplacation of a pathogen in a host. Disease follows if defenses are not mobilized fast enough; the pathogen activities interfere with normal body functions.

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lysis

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Gross damage to a plasma membrane, cell wall, or both that lets the cytoplasm leak out; causes cell death

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lysogenic pathway

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Latent period that extends many viral replication cycles. Viral genes get integrated into host chromosome and may stay inactivated through many host cell divisions but eventually are replicated in host progeny

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lytic pathway

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Of viruses, a rapid replication pathway that ends with lysis of ahost cell

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methanogen

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Anaerobic archaebacterium that produces methane gas as a by-product.

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Microorganism

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Organism, usually single celled, too small to be observed without a microscope

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numerical taxonomy

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study of the degree of relatedness between an unidentified organism and a known group through comparisons of traits. Used to classify prokaryotic species.

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pandemic

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an epidemic that breaks out in several countries at the same time

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pathogen

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Any virus, bacterium, fungus, protistan, or parasitic worm that can infect an organism, multilpy in it and cause disease

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pilus

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short filamentous protein projecting above cell wall to help it adhere to surfaces

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plasmid

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a small, circular molecule of extra bacterial DNA that carries a few gnees and is replicated independenly of the chromosome.

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prion

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small infectious protein that causes rare, fatal, degenerative disease of the nervous system

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prokaryotic cell

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archaebacterium or eubacterium; single-celled organism, most often walled; lacks the profusion of membranebound rganelles observed in eukaryotic cells

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prokaryotic fission

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celldivision by mechanism by which prokaryotic cells alone reproduce

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spirillium

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A corkscrew-shaped prokaryotic cell

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strain (bacteral)

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compared to an organism of a known type, an organism with differences that are too minor to classify it as a separate species (eg E Coli strain 018:K1:H)

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viroid

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infectious particle of short tightly foled strands or circles of RNA

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virus

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a non cellular infectious agent made of DNA or RNA, a protein coat and in some an outer lipid envelope; it can be replicated only after its genetic material enters a host cell and subverts the host's metabolic machinery

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actinopod

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amoeboid protozoa with silica hard parts and slender, reinforced pseudopods

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algal bloom

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huge increases in aquatic algal population sizes as a result of nutrient enrichments

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alveolate

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protistan with many memgbranebound sacs just beneath the cell surfaces

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ameoboid protozoan

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a predatory or parasitic protistan that moves by psudopod formation an cytoplsmic streaming

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binary fission

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asexual reproductive mode; the body of protozoans and some other animals divids in two parts

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brown alga

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a stramenopils, mostly marine, photoautotrophic; chlorphylls a,c1,c2, and cartenoids such as fucoxanthin, (eg Kelp)

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ciliate

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ciliated protozoan; an alveolate that typically has profuse cilia at its surcase

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Coccolithophore

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type of chrysophyte with calcium carbonate plates.