A&p Anatomy Of The Brain

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CNS

Back 1

Comprised of the brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

Back 2

Nerves that exit and enter the CNS
Two types:
Somatic and Autonomic

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Somatic nervous system

Back 3

involved with somatic sensation and control of skeletal muscle

Front 4

Motor Nerves

Back 4

motor nerves travel from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles

Front 5

Types of Autonomic NS

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sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system

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Somatic Sensory Nerves

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somatic sensory impulse travels from peripheral tissue (skin muscle and joints) to the spinal cord

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Autonomic nervous system

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involved with regulation of the internal environment

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telencephalon

Back 8

-basal ganglia
-regions associated with the limbic system, a group of brain structures that produces emotions and motivation
-cerebral cortex

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Forebrain two areas

Back 9

diencephalon and telencephalon

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limbic system associated areas

Back 10

-amygdala
-hippocampus
-limbic cortex

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Areas in cerebral Cortex

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-motor cortex
-somoatic sensory cortex
-association cortex

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Medulla

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-Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts
-contains important nuclei;
(1)cardiovascular centers -- control heart rate and blood pressure
(2) respiratory centers -- control activity of respiratory muscles

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Pons Dorsal Portion

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Dorsal portion contains nerve tracts and nuclei
-locus coeruleus projects axons to hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebral cortex, arousal of these higher brain areas.

Front 14

Depression Caused by what?

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depletion of the norepinephrine in neurons of the locus coeruleus

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Pons Basal portion

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provides connections between the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and the contralateral hemispheres of the cerebellum; these connections are essential for control of motor activities

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Nuclei

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brain nuclei are dense clusters of neurons that are responsible for a specific function

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Midbrain

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Substantia Nigra: degeneration causes Parkinson's

Red Nucleus: works closely with cerebellum for aspects of motor control

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Reticular Formation

Back 18

extends throughout the brainstem.
Has nuclei and neurons not included in specific nuclei or nerve tracts.

Front 19

Reticular Formation Recieves

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nearly all sensory system information and activates the reticular formation neurons

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Reticular Activating System

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Reticular formation neurons project axons into thalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex.
Providing background excitation of the higher brain areas.

Front 21

RAS and cerebral cortex

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Receives information from the Cortex and motor activity generated in cortex stimulate RAS

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Barbiturates

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depress the reticular formation and can depress cortical activity and cause sleep.

Front 23

Excessive RAS activity

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tonic clonic (grand mal) seizure

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Cerebellum Overview

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"silent area" of the brain, excitation does not cause sensation or movement.
Injury can impair motor activites, without paralysis.

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Cerebellum Location

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attached to brainstem at the basal portion of the pons.

Front 26

Cerebellum Input

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recieves input from sensory system, brainstem and motor cortex.

Front 27

Cerebellum Tasks

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Coordinates skeletal muscle activity.
-equilibrium
-locomotion
-rapid nonstereotyped movements
-DOES NOT INITIATE movements

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Forebrain is divided into two areas:

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aka: Cerebrum
1. Diencephalon
2. Telencephalon

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Thalamus main function

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relay station

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Thalamus Relay nuclei

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-sensory
-motor

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Thalamus sensory relay nuclei

Back 31

-Ventrobasal Nuclei (somatic sensations)
-Medial geniculate nucleus (hearing)
-lateral geniculate nucleus (vision)

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Generalized Thalamocortical System

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Is continuous and recieves information from the reticular formation.
Output is directed to cerebral cortex and affects the level of activity in Cerebral Cortex.

Front 33

Excessive GTS Activity

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absence or petit mal seizures

Front 34

Hypothalamus regulates

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Autonomic nervous system.
Regulates:
-BP
-body temp
-hunger, thirst
-production of emotions

Front 35

Hypothalamus monitors

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nuclei monitor internal variables
-plasma osmolality
-body temp
-body energy stores

Front 36

Hypothalamus and limbic system

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Hypothalamus is apart of limbic system.
Connects to amygdala and hippocampus

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Hypothalamus Output

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directed to autonomic nuclei in brainstem and to pituitary gland

Front 38

Hypothalamus and Emotions

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emotions and basic drives and visceral function associated with carrying out drives.

Front 39

Basal Ganglia Structure

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Cluster of nerve cells that appear early in the development of CNS.
Bilateral structures located at the base of each cerebral hemisphere.

Front 40

Basal Ganglia Components

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-striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen)
-globus pallidus (pallidum)
the substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei make connects with basal ganglia, but are not anatomic components of the basal ganglia

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Striatum

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-receives sensory information from the thalamus and sensory cortex.
-receives motor information from cerebral cortex, component of extrapyramidal motor system.
-connects with substantia nigra.

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Striatum initates

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intentional movements.

Front 43

Striatum altered activity

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occurs with Parkinson's, causing akinesia.

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Striatum Degeneration

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may cause dyskinesias which involuntary choreiform movements like Huntingtons.

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Cerebral Cortex Anatomy

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outmost layer of the brain, arranged into folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

Front 46

4 lobes of Cerebral Cortex

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occipital (vision)
temporal (hearing, language, memory)
parietal lobe: somatic sensory
frontal lobe: motor cortex, memory, behavior.

Front 47

Association Cortex

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majority of human cortex.
Executive activities of brain, individual behaviors.
In all lobes, has integrative function.

Front 48

Prefrontal Cortex

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function to plan and make decisions.
Connections with temporal and parietal
Monitors behaviors like judgement and foresight.

Front 49

Corpus Callosum

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connects left and right hemispheres

Front 50

Contralateral representation

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right controls somatic sensation and movment on the left side. and vis versa

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lateralization of function

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control of language is usually on one side, but can change in event of injury. Brain plasticity.

Front 52

Structures of forebrain associated with limbic system

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-hypothalamus (key)
-amygdala (window, threatening situations)
-hippocampus (learning and memory, ? anxiety)
-septum
-limbic cortex