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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytoplasm |
Material between plasma membrane and nucleus |
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Cytosol |
Largely water with dissolved protein salts sugars and other solutes inclusin |
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Inclusions |
Chemical substances such as glycosides glycogen granules and pigment |
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Cell's ATP, contain own DNA and rna |
Mitochondria |
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Perixisomes |
Detoxify harmful substances, free radicals, contain oxidases and catalases |
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Lysosomes |
Digestive enzymes. Digest bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Breakdown nonuseful tissues |
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Golgi Apparatus |
Stacked and flattened. Packages proteins. |
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ER |
Interconnected tubes. Enclosed cisternae. 2 types |
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ER |
Interconnected tubes. Enclosed cisternae. 2 types |
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Rough ER |
External studded with ribosomes. All secreted proteins. Responsible for synthesis of membrane proteins and phospholipids. |
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Smooth ER |
Looping network.
In intestinal cells-absorption, synthesis, and transportation of fats.
In skeletal and cardiac muscle-stores and release calcium
In liver-detoxification
In testes-synthesis of steroid based hormones |
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Robosomes |
Proteins, DNA, site of protein synthesis. |
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Robosomes |
Proteins, DNA, site of protein synthesis. |
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Cyroskele |
"Skeleton" of cell. Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
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Microtubules |
Hollow tubes made of tubulin. Determine shape of cell and distribution of organelles. |
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Microfilaments |
Actin. Function in endocytosis and exocytosis. |
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Intermediate filaments |
Tough fibers with tensile strength. Help form desmosomes. |
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Centrioles |
Small barrel shaped. Organize mitotic spindle. Form cilia and flagella. |
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Centrioles |
Small barrel shaped. Organize mitotic spindle. Form cilia and flagella. |
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Cilia |
Whip-like motile cellular extensions. Move in ONE direction. |
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Centrioles |
Small barrel shaped. Organize mitotic spindle. Form cilia and flagella. |
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Cilia |
Whip-like motile cellular extensions. Move in ONE direction. |
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Nucleus |
Control center of cell. Contains genetic library. Dictates amounts and kinds of proteins to be synthesized |
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Nuclear Envelope |
Selectively permeable. Doesn't allow everything to pass through. Transports molecules into and out of nucleus |
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Nuclear Envelope |
Selectively permeable. Doesn't allow everything to pass through. Transports molecules into and out of nucleus |
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Nucleoli |
Within nucleus. Site of ribosome production |
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Chromatin |
Arranged in units called nucleosomes |
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Cell cucle |
Interphase (before) Growth (G1) Synthesis (S) DNA replication Growth (G2) preparation for division Cell Division (Mitotic phase) Mitosis Cytokinesis (after) |
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Cell cucle |
Interphase (before) Growth (G1) Synthesis (S) DNA replication Growth (G2) preparation for division Cell Division (Mitotic phase) Mitosis Cytokinesis (after) |
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DNA replication |
DNA helices unwind. DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides to template. Continuous (leading) and discontinuous (lagging) both synthesized. |
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Cell cucle |
Interphase (before) Growth (G1) Synthesis (S) DNA replication Growth (G2) preparation for division Cell Division (Mitotic phase) Mitosis Cytokinesis (after) |
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DNA replication |
DNA helices unwind. DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides to template. Continuous (leading) and discontinuous (lagging) both synthesized. |
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Mitosis |
Division of nucleus. PMAT |
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Cytokinesis |
Division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow |
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Early and late prophase |
Asters are seen. Chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappeared. Centriole pairs separate and mitotic spindle forms. |
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Early and late prophase |
Asters are seen. Chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappeared. Centriole pairs separate and mitotic spindle forms. |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes cluster at middle of cell with centromeres aligned at exact center (equator) of the cell. |
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Early and late prophase |
Asters are seen. Chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappeared. Centriole pairs separate and mitotic spindle forms. |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes cluster at middle of cell with centromeres aligned at exact center (equator) of the cell. |
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Anaphase |
Chromosomes split. Kinetochores pull chromosomes toward poles. |
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Telophase |
New set of chromosomes. New nuclear membrane. Nucleoli reappear, spindle disappears. |
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Cytokinesis |
Completes cell division. Contractile ring forms cleavage furrow. |
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Fluid mosiax |
Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. |
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Membrane lipids |
75% phospholipids. 5% glycolipids 20% cholesterol Increases membrane stability |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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Lipid rafts |
20% of outer membrane surface. Contain phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Stable platform for cell signaling molecules |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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Lipid rafts |
20% of outer membrane surface. Contain phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Stable platform for cell signaling molecules |
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Glycocalyx |
"Sugar covering". |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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Lipid rafts |
20% of outer membrane surface. Contain phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Stable platform for cell signaling molecules |
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Glycocalyx |
"Sugar covering". |
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Tight junction |
Impermeable junction. Encircles cell |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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Lipid rafts |
20% of outer membrane surface. Contain phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Stable platform for cell signaling molecules |
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Glycocalyx |
"Sugar covering". |
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Tight junction |
Impermeable junction. Encircles cell |
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desmosomes |
Anchoring junction. "Rivets" plaques. Reduces tearing. Useful in the heart. |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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Lipid rafts |
20% of outer membrane surface. Contain phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Stable platform for cell signaling molecules |
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Glycocalyx |
"Sugar covering". |
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Tight junction |
Impermeable junction. Encircles cell |
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desmosomes |
Anchoring junction. "Rivets" plaques. Reduces tearing. Useful in the heart. |
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Gap junction |
Nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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Lipid rafts |
20% of outer membrane surface. Contain phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Stable platform for cell signaling molecules |
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Glycocalyx |
"Sugar covering". |
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Tight junction |
Impermeable junction. Encircles cell |
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desmosomes |
Anchoring junction. "Rivets" plaques. Reduces tearing. Useful in the heart. |
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Gap junction |
Nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
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Plasma membrane |
Surrounded by interstitial fluid. Allows cells to keep out what is not needed. Selective permeability. Two processes |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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Lipid rafts |
20% of outer membrane surface. Contain phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Stable platform for cell signaling molecules |
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Glycocalyx |
"Sugar covering". |
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Tight junction |
Impermeable junction. Encircles cell |
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desmosomes |
Anchoring junction. "Rivets" plaques. Reduces tearing. Useful in the heart. |
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Gap junction |
Nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
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Plasma membrane |
Surrounded by interstitial fluid. Allows cells to keep out what is not needed. Selective permeability. Two processes |
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Passive transport |
NO cellular energy. High to low. Small enough to pass through. |
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6 functions of Membrane Proteins |
Carry (transport) Signal molecules Maintain shape Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell recognition |
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Lipid rafts |
20% of outer membrane surface. Contain phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Stable platform for cell signaling molecules |
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Glycocalyx |
"Sugar covering". |
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Tight junction |
Impermeable junction. Encircles cell |
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desmosomes |
Anchoring junction. "Rivets" plaques. Reduces tearing. Useful in the heart. |
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Gap junction |
Nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
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Plasma membrane |
Surrounded by interstitial fluid. Allows cells to keep out what is not needed. Selective permeability. Two processes |
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Passive transport |
NO cellular energy. High to low. Small enough to pass through. |
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Diffusion |
Simple, carrier and channel mediated facilitated, osmosis |
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Tonicity |
Alter cells water, volume, or shape |
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Isotonic |
Same solute. Shape stays the same |
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Isotonic |
Same solute. Shape stays the same |
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Hypertonic |
Greater solute. Cells Crenate/shrink |
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Isotonic |
Same solute. Shape stays the same |
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Hypertonic |
Greater solute. Cells Crenate/shrink |
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Hypotonic |
Lesser solute. Cells swell and rupture |
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Active transport |
Energy required. Solutes move against. Low to high. Requires carrier proteins. |
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Primary active transport |
Energy directly from ATP. Add phosphates |
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Secondary active transport |
Energy indirectly from ionic gradients. |
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Secondary active transport |
Energy indirectly from ionic gradients. |
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Transcytosis |
Into, across, then out of cell |
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Resting Membrane potention (RMP) |
Voltage, polarized. -70 millivolts.
Inside (-) Outside (+) |
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Resting Membrane potention (RMP) |
Voltage, polarized. -70 millivolts.
Inside (-) Outside (+) |
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Cell Adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
Rally white blood cells to injured or infected areas. |
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Protein Synthesis |
DNA serves as master blueprint. Polypeptide chains. |
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Histology |
Study of tissues. Groups of cells similar in structure an function. |
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Simple squamous epithelial |
Single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped nuclei. Diffusion and filtration |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelial |
Single layer of cube like cells with large spherical central nuclei. Function in secretion and absorption |
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Epithelial |
Tissue that Covers. Apical and basal surfaces. Polarity.
Protect, absorb, filtrate, excrete, secrete, and sensory reception.
Reticular and basal lamina. Avascular but innervated. Regenerative. |
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Connectice |
Tissue that supports |
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Muscle |
Tissue that helps movement |
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Neevous |
Tissue that controls |
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Simple Epithelia |
Single layer of cells |
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Stratified epithelial |
Two or more layers of cells |
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Squamous epithelial |
Flattened and scalelike |
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Cuboidal epithelial |
Boxlike. Nucleus is round. |
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Columnar epithelial |
Tall, column shaped. Nucleus elongated. |
