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145 Cards in this Set
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blood
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liquid connective tissue
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Plasma (key proteins)
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Albumin- most common
Globulin-important for immune system Fibrogen-critical for blood clotting |
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Hematocrit
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Hemato-blood
crit-to judge Judger of the blood |
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Viscosity
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Measure how thick/thin your blood is
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other components in blood
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Nutrients (vitamins, mineral, energy sources)
Dissolved gasses Waste products Electrolytes (Na+) |
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Osmolarity
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(105-106)
a measure of the amount of dissolved particles in a given volume of liquid Water moves from regions of low osmolarity to high osmolarity. |
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Edema
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outcome of not having enough osmolarity in the blood.
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high BP
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outcome of having a high osmolarity in the blood (low osmolarity in the tissue)
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Table salt
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High intake INCREASES osmolarity of the blood, resulting in water entry in to the blood.
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Erythrocyte
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(RBC) important for carrying Co2
Most common of all formed elements of the blood |
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Leukocyte
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(WBC) comes in variety of forms
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Platelets
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not cells, cell fragments
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Erythropoiesis
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Formation of erythrocytes
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Key proteins in the life of RBC
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Kidney, liver; signaling centers via erythropotetin
bone marrow-birthplace (from stem cells) Liver, spleen-graveyard Your diet-iron,B vitamins. |
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Hypoxemia
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fig 18.7
Low oxygen in blood, sensed and erythropoetin (promotes erythropoesis) made by liver and kidney |
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Anemia
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Lack of RBC, dont have enough hemoglobin. Caused by low iron heavy bleeding
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Polycythemia
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elevated levels of RBC, seen on people who go to high elevation because of lack of oxygen, production of RBC increases.
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Sickle cell
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genetically based mutation that alters the hemoglobin molecule causing a change in the shape of the cell. these cells get caught together and clump. can momentarily block off circulation of tissue (painful)
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Thalassemia
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Body doesn't make enough hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin
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Inside the RBC that causes the oxygen, its level indicates how well your blood causes oxygen processes the iron that supports the production of RBC.
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RBC
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Determines Blood type
Impacts transfusion |
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Blood typing
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p.693 table 18.6
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Agglutination
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When an antibody bids to an antigen
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anitbody
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bind to antigens and
mark the cells bearing them for destruction |
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antigen
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Glycolipids and glycoproteins on the erythrocyte surface determine your ABO and Rh blood groups, and function
as antigens |
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(WBC) Leukopoiesis
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produces WBC
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Stem Cells
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in bone marrow, cells that have the ability to live throughout your lifespan and can replenish themselves. problems become apparent when there are problems with stemcells.
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Origin of WBC
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bone marrow, lymphatic tissue
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(5 types of WBC)
Granulocytes |
has granules
basophilis-obscure nucleus Eosinophilis-visible nucleus has 2 lobes Neutrophilis-visible nucleus has 3 lobes |
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(5 types of WBC)
Basophilis |
obscure nucleus
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(5 types of WBC)
Eosinophilis |
visible nucleus
has 2 lobes |
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(5 types of WBC)
neutrophilis |
visible neucles
has 3 lobes |
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5 types of WBC
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Granulocytes
Basophilis eosinophilis Neutrophilis |
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Agranulocytes
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Monocytes-pleimorphic nucleus large cell size
Lympnocytes- round nucleus. small cell size |
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Leukemia
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Cancer of the blood, damage to stem cells in bone marrow
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Leukopenia
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defencey in WBC
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Leukocytosis
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Elevated WBC can be elevated by allergies.
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Immnosupression
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granular cytoplasm
immune system will not work right |
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Bilirubin
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Pigmented bile
made from the heme (iron) part of hemoglobin, bile is produced by the liver Jaundice-too much bilirubin |
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Thrombopoiesis
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platelet formation
fxn: participant in and regulator of homeostasis; defense origin: fragments of bone marrow cells |
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How blood clots form (3 steps)
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1. vascular spasm vasoconstriction(vessel is closing) platlets release factors that help stimulate the muscle contraction
2.platelet blood formation-platelets aggregate and form a a plug to slow blood loss, collagen fibers act as a place for platelets to grab onto. 3. Coagulation: takes the longest but is the longest lasting. blood clot is formed designed to effectively seal off the wound so there is no excess blood loss. Fibrin (protein) makes blood clot. |
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Fibrin
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found as inactive precursor called fibrinogen, signals to form a clot from platelet and injured tissue converts fibrinogen to fibrin
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Intrinsic factors
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Things in the blood that operate independent of other influences. their build into blood this is why you can take blood out of the body and put it into the test tube and it will clot by itself.
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Extrinsic Mechanism
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relies on signals outside of the blood like the damaged tissues or blood vessels.
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Hemophilia
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Genetic condition where people have a deficiency in blood clotting factors. person tends to belled easily rely on blood transfusions.
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Thrombocytopenia
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lower than normas (reduced) level of platlets
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Thrombosis
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people prone to blood clots . clots from in veins, if blood clot breaks loose, it travels down towards the lungs, if it gets lodged in the lungs...
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DIC
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Widespread thorough the body. problem s clots cut off blood supply to important organs, killing the organs, then the person. KIC is found alot in peopl ewith sepsis (pathoens in blood causing disease) people with sepsis take anticoagulants to reduce blood clots |
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Sepsis
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Pathogens in blood causing. people with sepsis take anticoagulants to reduce blood clots.
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Embolism
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traveling blood clot, life threatening can cut off blood to vital part of the body.
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Using enzymes to produce universal RBC
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the challenge : shortage of RBC avaiable for transfuson. only 7% of blood donors in USA are O-
Solution : convert type A,AB, and B blood to type O blood how: use enzymes to remove the A and B antigens from erythrocytes. |
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Circuit
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pathway of blood flow
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Pulmonary circuit
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goes to the lungs
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Systematic circuit
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goes everywhere else
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Arteries
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takes blood AWAY from the heart
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takes blood...
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Veins
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takes blood TO the heart
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takes blood...
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Right side of heart
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sends blood to the lungs
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sends blood ....
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Left side of heart
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receiving blood from the lungs
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receives blood...
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Inbalance
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too much blood in one spot
get an overload of blood excess blood causes fluid to accumulate in lungs. congestion heart failure. |
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Heart
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found in teh pericardial cavity
four chambered, one way directional set up |
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Pericardial cavity
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contains fluid
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contains...
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periteal pericardium
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the sac that encloses the heart and cavity
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sac
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Pericardium fluid
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acts as lubrication, makes sure the heart doesnt rub against the pericardium
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lubrication
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outer wall
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in contact with the fluid
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contact
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Flow of blood
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through the cavities inside of the heart
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cavities
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endocardium
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Innermost layer that comes in contact with the blood
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innermost
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Myocardium
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muscle of the heart (myo) the working layer of the heart. controls the pumping. part that suffers most with oxygen deprivation. when damaged it scared and replaced with scar tissue which doesn't work as well.
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muscle
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Valves of the heart
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Atrioventricular valves (AV
Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve |
AV
TRI BI |
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Tricuspid valve
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between the right atrium and ventricle
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right
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Bicuspid valve
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between left atrium and ventricle
pressure on the atrium opens the valve, pressure on the ventricle side encloses the valve myocardium is thicker on the ventricle than the atrium, there are tendons connected (tendionous cords) to the bi and tricuspid valve which limits their movements so blood cant flow in the other direction. |
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Valve prolapse
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some people have damage to this system where the cords don't do their job, so the valves push and the pressure builds up in the ventricle. valve doesn't seal and wont keep blood from blowing backwards (regurgitation of the blood)
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regurgitation
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Heart Murmur
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way to know-listen to your heart
can develop or be genetic |
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Semilunar valves
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Right- aorta valve (goes from body to lungs)
Left- Pulmonary valve (goes from lungs to body |
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Reason blood flows
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Pressure is lower on one side of the valve than the other (tends to gravitate towards lower pressure)
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Reason pressure changes
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Has to do with the ventricles are actually contracting . If they are contracting, pressure goes up, if they are relaxing, pressure goes down.
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V<A
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if ventricle is relaxed the blood collects in the right artery.
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V>A
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If ventricles contract it pushes blood close tot eh AV valves causing blood to migrate to the side with less pressure.
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Cardiac muscle:
Pacemaker |
Electrical activity that initiates the heart itself (influenced by nerves)
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conduction system
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some cardiac cells don't contract but instead generate action potentials (electrical impulses)
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intercalated discs
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cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected by these.
allows atria to contract in unison and the ventricles to contract together (although separately) |
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Steps of conductivity:
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) (1) |
Located in the right atrium.
spontaneously discharges most peoples heart rate is 60-70 more efficient on a slower rate HR is governed by the pacemaker. |
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Right and Left Atrium
(2) |
stimulated to contract. blood is going to get pushed through the ventricle
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Atrioventricular Node
(3) |
often called the "gateway to the ventricle"
from this point on it is heading sraight way for all the vntricles. takes time for blood to ill teh ventricles. slowest step due to ventricles needing to be filled with blood. after this step process speeds up dramatically |
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Atrioventricaular bundle
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Dead center of the heart. sends messages to the bundle branches.
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Bundle branches
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go further to the purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers
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spread throughout the entire heart allowing the heart to be able to contract.
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Right and left ventricles
(7) |
the process is completed.
the blood ends up here. |
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Ventricular fibrillation
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Sometimes instead of gaining info from step 1, for some reason the heart develops other signals. led by numerous conduction, mixed messages.
end up "fiddling" Uncontrolled fiddling of the heart. |
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Flutters
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increase contraction doesn't allow the chamber to fill. not productive in moving blood.
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Defibrillaton
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Restoring the heart to a neat and orderly fashion.
attaches patches to the heart, hopefully allowing the heart to recover and beat properly. |
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Blocks
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Heart damaged
the signal for electrical travel cant get through. it has a physical block, such as scar tissue. just sits there waiting install pacemaker to clear blocks. |
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Electrocardiogram
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visualizing the hearts electrical activity
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Heartbeat
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ripples of electro-activity that come and go
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Depolarization
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triggers a change in membrane cell
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Re-polarization
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restoring it back to its initial state, in which it is ready for another stimulus.
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when can contraction start?
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when the ventricles are filled with blood
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for every depolarization there is a...
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re-polarization
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Bicuspid valve opening initiates...
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Ventricular filling
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Atrial contraction
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completes ventricular filling
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Heart sound S1
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corresponds with isovolumetric CONTRACTION and the start of ventricular contraction and opening of aortic valve
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Heart sound S2
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corresponds with isovolumetric RELAXATION when the bicuspid and aortic valves are both closed
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ventricular output
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should be equal to keep both circuits in balance
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lower red line
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atrium
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upper red line
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aorta
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Black line
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ventricle- dramatic changes in pressure
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Diastolic
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relaxation in ventricle
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Systolic
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contraction in the ventricle
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atrial emptying
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starts before the atrial contractions
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what does squeezing do?
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raises pressure rapidly in the left ventricle, as the pressure goes up its higher in the atrium closing the bicuspid valve.
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isovolumetric contraction
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fraction of time when both valves are closed.
blood volume doesn't change during this period. causes the first heart sound S1 |
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Cardiac output
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determines the amount of blood that leaves the heart. heart rat x stroke volume
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Factors that accelerate the heart rate
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sympathetic cardiac nerves (calcium deficiency)
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Factors that decelerate the heart rate
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Parasympathetic vagus nerves (calcium excess)
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Vagus nerves
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Revieve info from the medulla of the brain (has the cardiac center on it) communicates to the heart, to the SA and AV nodes.
Body has the ability to demand the heart rate depending on your activity slow the heart |
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things that can change the HR
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Body position
blood pressure chemical nature on the blood (blood gasses) Electrolytes Calcium levels- if out of range, def speed up, excessive slow heart Potassium- severe diarrhea results with loss of Ka+ |
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Tachycardia
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Increased HR
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Bradycardia
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Decreased HR
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Cardiac nerves
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accelerate the heart (compare to vagus nerves)
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moderate the fxn of nerves
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a person with tachycardia, need to stimulate the vagus nerve so its more active trying to slow down teh heart.
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Stroke volume
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preload
frank-starling law of the heart contractiblity afterload myocardial infraction periostin |
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Preload
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blood volume presented int eh ventricles volume effects before contraction. (the more blood entering the heart, the more blod leaving the heart)
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Frank-Starling law of the heart
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Stroke volume is proportional to tend- diastolic volume.
Ventriular output is adjusted relative to volume of blood entering the heart. this helps balance the output of the two sides of the heart. (howmuch blood that is allowed to enter the heart is going to govern how much blood can leave the heart) if ventricle is gaining extra, the heart adapts to the extra blood will be ejected. if one side of the heart is ejected more blood, that more blood will return to the other side of the heart, and stroke volue will increase. Inbalance- can over load the body or lungs. |
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Contractibility
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how strong the contraction is- inotropic agents.
if myocardium is weak contraction will be weak. Medication to balance out. the stronger teh contraction teh more blood is pumped out |
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afterload
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pressure opposing exit of blood from heart. vessels the blood is going to enter once the blood is pumped out of the ventricles.
Resistance- pressure opposing the exit of blood from the heart. |
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Afterload: pressure in the pulminary trunk
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if there is pressure in the PT and aorta it will reduce cardiac output, problem with hypertension. because the amt of blood leaving the heart is decreased., the heart has to work harder to push out blood.
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Myocardial infarction
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whatever tissue is effected gets replaced by scar tissue. this tissure stretches the things out because of the pressure inside of the ventricle pushes it out.
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a solution
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promote cardiac repair via periostin
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periostin
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a chemical that awakens the regenerative nature of our heart.
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most cells in our body are
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4-6 width from the nearest blood vessel
there are about 60,000 miles of blood vessels contained in our body |
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3 classes of vessels
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arterial vessels
capillary veins |
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arterial vessels
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carry blood away from the heart (the diameter of teh vessel gets narrower as you get farther from the heart) get smaller as they move away rom teh heart. do not have valves (ensure one way blood flow) uch more elastic than veins
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capillary
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has the thinest wall, 1 cell layer, exchange vessels, designed for the exchange of substances moving in and out of the blood.
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veins
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carry blood toward the heart. get larger as they move toward teh heart. have valves (ensure one way blood flow. not very elastic
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elastic lamina
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present in teh arteries elasticity for the arteries
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tunicia exterina
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outer most layer of teh artery, anchors teh vessel to the tissur
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tuncia media
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thickest layer
middle is a muscle (has to be able to contract ) strenght layer of teh vessel |
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vasomotion
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atrtery dilates and enlarges
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aneurysm
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wall weakness. when the wall develops a weakness due to damage of infection, maybe high BP having a stressed part of the bdoy, weakenign teh wall. typically a problem in the arterial end of things. the wall could ru[ture causing ta hole can lead to hemorrhaging. if it doesnt buldge it coud be building upressure on a part of the body that isnt used to pressure.
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atherosclerosis
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stiff arteries
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conducting artery
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can dilate/constrict.
lessens fluctuations in BP less stress on downstream vessles |
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arteiole
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smallest artery
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Vena cava
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large gein
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venule
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smallest vein
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vessels
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the vessels as they operate have and elastic nature to them which can control blood flow to various parts of teh body.
also dampens teh stress on the vessels with the blod being pumped out of the heart into the vessels if you have stiff arteries, it will not allow the vessels to expand tna let teh blood into the vessels. can cause damage to teh vessel. another cause for aneurysm |
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vasomotion
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constriction and relaxation int eh vessel (vessel opens and closes) runing legs need vessel dilate to teh legs.
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