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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of tissue is the blood? |
A connective tissue |
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What is blood composed of? |
Plasma & formed elements |
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What makes up the formed elements? |
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets |
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______ shows the percent of blood volume in the blood. |
Hematocrit |
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What is the % blood volume in both males & females? |
males: 47% +/- 5% females: 42% +/- 5% |
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What does Plasma consist of? |
55% Whole blood Least dense component |
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What does the Buffy Coat consist of? |
Leukocytes & Platelets <1% of whole blood |
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What does the erythrocytes consist of? |
45% Whole blood Most dense component |
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Name the characteristics of blood. (Color, temperature, body weight, & volume for both males & females) |
Sticky, opaque fluid Color scarlet to dark red pH 7.35-7.45 38°C ~8% of body weight 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females |
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What are the functions of the blood? |
Distribution, Regulation, &n Protection |
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What does blood distribute? |
O2 and nutrients to body cells Metabolic wastes to the lungs and kidneys for elimination Hormones from endocrine organs to target organs |
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What does blood regulate? |
Body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat Normal pH using buffers Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system |
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What does blood protect against? |
Blood loss & infections |
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What initiates the clot formation? |
Plasma proteins & Platelets |
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What aides in the protection against an infection? |
Antibodies Complement proteins WBCs defend against foreign invaders |
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What is the % of water in blood plasma? |
90% |
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Where are proteins mostly produced? |
The liver |
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What proteins and percentages are found in blood plasma? |
60% albumin 36% globulins 4% fibrinogen |
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What are the Nitrogenous by products of the metabolism? |
Lactic acid urea creatinine |
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What are the Nutrients inside the blood plasma? |
Glucose carbohydrates amino acids |
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What are the electrolytes inside of the blood plasma? |
Na+ k+ Ca2+ Cl- HCO3- |
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What are the Respiratory gases inside blood plasma? |
O2 CO2 |
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What 5 components are included in blood plasma? |
Nitrogenous by products of metabolism Nutrients Electrolytes Respiratory gases Hormones |
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Which of the formed elements are complete cells? |
WBCs |
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Which formed elements have no nuclei or organelles? |
RBCs |
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Which formed elements are cell fragments? |
platelets |
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How many days do most of the formed elements survive for? |
a few days |
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Where do most blood cell originate from and do they divide? |
the bone marrow no |
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What is this? |
Platelets |
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What is this? |
Erythrocytes |
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What is this? |
Monocytes |
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What is this? |
Neutrophils |
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What is this? |
Lymphocyte |
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What is biconcave in shape, anucleate, and essentially have no organelles? |
Erythrocytes |
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What are erythrocytes filled with for gas transport? |
Hemoglobin (Hb) |
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Which formed elements contain the plams membrane protein spectrin and other proteins? |
Erythrocytes |
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What are the major factors of erythrocytes contributing to? |
blood viscosity |
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Erythrocytes structural characteristics contribute to what? |
gas transport |
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What % of Hb is in the RBCs? |
>97% |
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True or False Erythrocytes have no mitichondria |
True |
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What production of RBCs are anaerobic? |
ATP |
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Is O2 used in the generation of ATP? |
No |
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What are RBCs dedicated to? |
respiratory gas transport |
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What binds reversibly with O2? |
Hb |
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What is the Hb structure? |
protein globin: 2 alpha & 2 beta chains Heme pigment bonded to each globin chain |
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Iron atom in each heme can bind to how many O2 molecules? |
1 |
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How many O2 can each Hb molecule transport? |
4 |
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What does O2 loading in the lungs produce? |
oxyhemoglobin (ruby red) |
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What does O2 unloading in the tissues produce? |
deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (dark red) |
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What does CO2 loading in the tissues produce? |
carbaminohemoglobin (carries 20% of CO2 in the blood) |
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What is another term for blood cell formation? |
Hematopoiesis |
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Where does hematopoiesis take place? |
red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles, and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur |
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What gives rise to all formed elements? |
Hemocytoblasts |
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What factors push the cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell development? |
Hormones and growth |
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Where do the new blood cells enter? |
blood sinusoids |
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What is the stem cell called? |
Hemocytoblast |
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What is the committed cell called? |
Proerythroblast |
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What leads to tissue hypoxia? |
Too few RBCs |
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What causes the blood viscosity to increase? |
too many RBCs |
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What does the balance between RBC production and destruction depend on? |
Hormonal control Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins |
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Erythropoietin (EPO) |
Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia |
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Causes of hypoxia |
Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency) Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes) |
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Dietary Requirements for Erythropoiesis |
Nutrients Iron Vitamin B12 Folic acid |
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Where is iron stored in? |
Hb (65%) the liver spleen bone marrow ferritin (cells) hemosiderin (cells) |
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What is necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division? |
Vitamin B12 and folic acid |
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What is the lifespan of RBCs? |
100-120 days |
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What engulfs dying RBCs and where? |
Macrophages The spleen |
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Anemia |
blood has abnormally lo O2 carrying capacity blood O2 levels cannot support normal metabolism |
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What are some symptoms of anemia? |
fatigue paleness shortness of breath chills |
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What are some causes of anemia? |
Insufficient RBCs |
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Define Hemorrhagic anemia |
acute or chronic loss of blood |
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Define Hemolytic anemia |
RBCs rupture prematurely |
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Define Aplastic anemia |
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow |
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Which formed element makes up <1% of total blood volume? |
Leukocytes |
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How can WBCs leave the capillaries? |
via diapedesis |
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How do WBCs move through tissues spaces? |
by ameboid motion & positive chemotaxis |
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What is leukocytosis? |
WBC count over 11,000/mm3 |
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Leukocytosis is a normal response to what? |
bacterial or viral invasion |
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What 2 groups is WBCs divided into? |
Granulocytes Agranulocytes |
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Granulocytes & %s |
Neutrophils 50-70% Eosinophils 2-4% Basophils 0.5-1% |
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Agranulocytes & Percentages |
Lymphocytes 25-45% Monocytes 3-8% |
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Cell type, description, duration of development and life span, & function |
Erythrocytes Biconcave, anucleate disc, salmon-colored; dia 7-8 D: about 15 days, LS: 100-120 days Function: Transport O2 & CO2 |
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Cell type, description, duration of development and life span, & function |
Spherical, nucleated cells |
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Cell type, description, duration of development and life span, & function |
Granuloctes/ leukocytes/ Neutrophil Nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules; dia 10-12 D: ~14 days LS: 6hrs- a few days Function: Phagocytize bacteria |
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Cell type, description, duration of development and life span, & function |
Granulocytes/ Leukocyte/ Eosinophil Nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules; dia 10-14 D: about 14 days LS: about 5 days Kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma |
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Cell type, description, duration of development and life span, & function |
Granulocyte/ Leukocyte/ Basophil Nucleus bilobed; large purpleish-black cytoplasmic granules; dia 10-14 D: 1-7 days LS: a few hours to a few days Release histamine and other mediators of inflammations; contain heparin, an anticoagulant |
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Cell type, description, duration of development and life span, & function |
Agranulocyte/ Leukocyte/ Lymphocyte Nucleus soherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm; dia 5-17 D: days to weeks LS: hours to years Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies |
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Cell type, description, duration of development and life span, & function |
Agranulocyte/ Leukocyte/ Monocyte Nucleus U or kidney shaped; gray-blue cytoplasm; dia 14-24 days D: 2-3 days LS: Months Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues |
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Cell type, description, duration of development and life span, & function |
Platelets Discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules; stain deep purple; dia 2-4 D: 4-5 days LS: 5-10 days Seal small tears in the blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting |
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What forms a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels? |
Platelets |
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Explain the process prom Stem Cell to the developmental pathway of platelets |
Hemocytoblast --> Megakaryoblast --> Promegakaryocte --> Megakaryocyte --> Platelets |
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What are the fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding? |
1. Vascular Spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. coagulation |
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What is Vascular Spasm & what do they trigger? |
Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels Triggers Direct injury Triggers chemicals released by endothelial cells & platelets Triggers pain reflexes |
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Describe the process of platelet plug formation |
Positive feedback cycle • At site of blood vessel injury, platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers with the help of von Willebrand factor, a plasma protein • Swell, become spiked and sticky, and release chemical messengers • ADP causes more platelets to stick and release their contents • Serotonin and thromboxane A2 enhance vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation |
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What is coagulation and what does it do? |
• A set of reactions in which blood is ransformed from a liquid to a gel • Reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads |
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What are the 3 phases of coagulation? |
1. Prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways) 2. Prothrombin is converted into thrombin 3. Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh |
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What happens during the Clot reaction? |
• Actin and myosin in platelets contract within 30–60 minutes • Platelets pull on the fibrin strands, squeezing serum from the clot |
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What happens during the clot repair? |
• Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore the endothelial lining |
