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509 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An organ is defined as a structure that has a specific structure and is composed of to or more types of....
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tissue
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fluid btn the cells in a tissue is
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interstitial fluid
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The 2 body systems that regulate homostatsis are the
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neverous and endocrine
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what best describes the relationship btn the urinary bladder and the stomach
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the urinary bladder is inferior to the stomach
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The region of the abdominopelvic cavity that is inferior and medial to the left lumbar region is the
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hypogastic region
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a neuron is stimulated, thus opening membrane channels to allow sodium ions to leak from the extracellular fluid to the incellular fluid causing more membrane channels to open allowing more sodium ions to enter the intracellular fluid-------This is an example of a
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positive feedback loop
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a group of cells and the surronding material that work together to perform a particular function are called
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tissues
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The biological function of a protien is determined by its...
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tertiary structure
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examples of organic molecules
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ATP
GLUCOSE DNA ENZYMES |
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water is considered a ____on the pH scale
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neutral
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In the body, decomposition is what type of reaction
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catabolic reactions
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The atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of
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protons in the nucleus
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The atomic number of an atom is the
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number of protons in the nucleus
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erythrose is a
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carb
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The pH scales measures
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hydrogen ion concentration
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Organelles that contain enzymes that destroy materal engulfed by phagocytes are
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lysomes
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Organelles that contain enzymes for production of ATP are
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mitochondria
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_____ within the plasma membrane are required in order to transport a substance across a membrane via facliated diffusion
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Carrier molecules
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cells try to move sodium from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell where the sodium concentration is 14 higher than in the cytoplasma. This mean sodium ions are moved out of the cells by_______
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active transport
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Adding a layer of cells to a membrane would decrease the rate of
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diffusion
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osmosis is considered a special case of diffuison because
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it is the net movement of solvent down its on gradient
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facilitated diffusion is said to have a transport maxium because
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when all the transporters are occupied the rate of facilitated diffuison cannot be increased futher
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cells that can perform phagocytosis include
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certain white blood cells
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cilia and flagella are made mostly of
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microtubles
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The process of transcription involes production of
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mRNA from a DNA template
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Secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized by the
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rough ER
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The Golgi complex is most extensive cells that
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secrete proteins into the ECF
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what is the tissue that forms glands
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epithelia tissue
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What is the type of cell junction that prevents the contents of the stomach or urinary bladder from leaking into surrounding tissues
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Tight junction
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endocrine glands...
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release hormones and are made of epithelial tissue
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straified squamous epithelium is
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avascular
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Muscus is produced by what type of glands
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goblet and exocrine glands
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an exocrine gland in which a cell filled with serectory product dies and becomes the secretory product is called a
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holocrine gland
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The most abundant tissue in the body is
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connective tissue
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The product reaction of an acid and a base
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salt
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What is formed by the unequal sharing of electrons
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polar molcules
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what type of muscle is the diaphram
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skeletal
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the embryonic connective tissue which all other connective tissues arise is
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mesenchyme
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a needle will pierce the skin in what order
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corneum, glanuolosum, germinativum
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why is the plasma membrane important
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because it is selectively permable, contains cells contents and acts as a site for cell to cell interactions and recognition
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What are the structures of the limbic system
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hypothalamus, amygdaloid, and hippocampus
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What is the main function of the rods in the eye
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vision in dim light
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what are the structures of the brain-stem
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medulla oblongta, pons and midbrain
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what do the synergist muscles do
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work with and assist the action of the prime mover
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muscle tissue has what type of actions
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excitabily, contractibility, and extensibility
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what is the area at the shaft of long bone
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epiphysis
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joints that are freely moveable
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diarthrosis
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PTH is secreted by the...
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parathyroid
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PTH causes
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the activation of the osteoclast in excess the release of calcitonin
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The papillary layer of the demis contains
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the meissners corpuscle and is rich in nerve endings
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simple squamous is a single layer of
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epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes
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Movement of O2 from red blood cells thru blood plasma across a capillary wall is done by
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diffusion
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The sweat glands and hormone producing glands are formed from
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epithelum
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During ventricular systole blood enters the
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aorta and pulmonary trunk
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the triscupid is closed when
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the ventricle is in systole
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During the T-P interval ___occurs
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diastole
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The _____ in an EKG corresponds to atrial depolarization
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P wave
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The QRS complex in an EKG corresponds to
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atrial repolarization
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Urine moves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder thru the ureters by
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peristalic contraction of the smooth muscle of the uteres
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The erection of a penis is causes by
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dilation of arterioles suppling the sponge like spaces of the penis
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______releasing hormone stimulates the release of luteinizing hormones
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gonadotropin
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Contraction of the mammory ducts during milk ejection is stimulated by
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oxytocin
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Ejaculation is caused by a
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spinal reflex
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The primary tissues that line the bodies cavities are
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Epithelial, connective,muscle, and nervous tissue
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Where would the pancinian corpuscles be found
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in the subcutaneous layer of the skin(below the skin)
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Water moves in and out of cells by____membranes
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plasma
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muscle tetnus is
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maxium muscle contraction
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_______is the part of the neuron that sends info.
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The axon
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_____cells make myelin in the CNS
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Oligodendrocytes
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_____cells make up the myelin in the PNS
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Schwann cells
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The tissue which, histologically is squamous epithelium uncertain by a sparse connective tissue is
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tunica intma
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The chief antibody ammunition against antigens is
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complement fixation
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The dorsal side of the patella is the
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popliteal
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____is the ground substance in cells
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matrix
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A fx in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the
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diaphysis
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Most of the water absorbed in the GI tract occurs in the
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small intestine
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The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the
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glomerualr hydrostatic pressure
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alcohol acts as a diuretic becauses it
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decreases the amt of ADH secreted
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In light refraction the normal focal point is located where the
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light rays cross the anterior to the retina
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The focal point of a person with uncorrected farsightiness is
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posterior to the retina
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An image falls directly on the retina refraction determines wheter the image is in focus and at that point whether a corrective lense of some sort must be used
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read again
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vassopression is Aka
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antidirutic hormone
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vassopression can cause increased
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BP due to vassoconstriction fluid retention
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decrease blood volme will cause the release of
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vassopression
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____is the site of lympocyte differentiation
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The thymus gland
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where do neutrophils develop
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in the stem cell of bone marrow
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damage to some types of myelinated nerve fibers can often be repaired if the cell body of the nerve remains intact
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damage to the axon makes the nerve incapable of generating an action potential. It generally causes changes to the cell body as well as the axon and cannot be repaired
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damage to the dendrites interrupts the primary information pathway amongst neurons in the central nervous system **dendrites cannot self repair
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damage to the neurilemma affects the functioning schwann cells that are necessary for myelin damage
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The hypophyseal portal system(HPS) directly connects the median eminence to the ______
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pars distalis via the hypothalamic hypophyseal vein
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The neurohypophyis is AKA
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the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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The pars nervosa is in the
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posterior pituitary lobe
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The pars distalis is in the
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anteior pituitary lobe
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P cells or parvo cells are located in the
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cones of the retina--they are small and have little convergence
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ependymal cells have functions related to___ and ___ of cerebrospinal fluid
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circulation and secretion
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_____are the smallest of the neuroglia and are part of the immune system
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microglial cells
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Damage to the Wernicke's area would cause problems with the
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perception of language
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voluntary eye movements could be affected by damage to the
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oculomotor III
trochlear IV abducens VI |
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Patterns of vocalization could be affected by damage to the
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Broca's speech area
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____reserves are exhausted in a pt who is deficient in vit A
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Rhodopsin
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decreased blood sodium would lead to increased
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aldosterone secretion
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Increased calcium stimulates the thyroid to
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secrete calcitonin
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Decreased blood glucose stimulates the pancrease to
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secrete glucagon
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If adenylate cyclas were inhibited ADH
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would be inhibited
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Red eyes in photos is caused by
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structures with in the eye absorb fewer red wave lenghts than other color wave lenghts
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Rod stimulation is related to the perception of__ and __
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black and white***not color
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The cell bodies of preganglionlic parasymathetic neurons reside in the
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anteior gray horns of the spinal cord
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neuroglia tissue's cells interwine to form a
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supporting framework thru out the brain and spinal cord
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Neurilemma is the outer surface of a_____
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schwann cell
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schwann cells sheild both
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myelinated and nonmyelinated axons
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neuroglial cells are ___and___
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regulators and protectors
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In a first order neuron in the sensory pathway -carring fine touch sensations has its cell body in the right dorsal horn root ganglion in what location will this neuron synapse with a second order neuron
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in the R medulla
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____is the location for synapses of second order with third order neurons
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The thalamus
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CSF is produced by the
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_____ choroid plexux and fills ependymal cells that are a type of neuroglia
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The ______ ducts contain the hair cells that are stimulated when a person whirling becomes dizzy
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semicircular ducts
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The____contain the cells of the cochlear duct****these hair cells are involved in hearing
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organs of corti
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____ are boney structures that conduct vibration from the typanic membrane to the inner ear
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auditory ossicles
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___contain the hair cells and otoliths that provide a sense of head position relative to gravity
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saccules and utricles
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The retina is held in place by the
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vitreous body
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The ossicles are major structures of the
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middle ear
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photoreceptors are located in the
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retina
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The primary function of the utricle and saccule is to
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monitor static equilibrium
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The primary gustatory area of the cerebrum is in the
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parietal lobe
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dilation of the pupil is caused by stimulation of____neurons
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parasympathetic neurons
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In the process of forming an image on the retina convergence occurs to allow
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three dimensional image formation
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The spaces anterior to the lens are filled with
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aqueous humor
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Presence of too much aqueous humor with in the eye is dangerous because it
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puts pressure on neurons in the retina damaging them
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The _____is the part of the brain that relays visual and hearing information
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corpora quadrigemina
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The corpora quadrigemina is part of the
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midbrain
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_____coordinates autonomic reflexes, visceral functions and somatic sensory relay
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medulla oblongata
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btn the foramen magnum and the pons is the
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medulla oblongata
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fine control of body coordination and balance is the function of the
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cerebellum
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the total blood volume in an adults is about
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5 liters
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glucocorticoids and epinephrine cause adipose tissue to increase lipogenesis--this describes the
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effect of 2 different hormones acting on the same organ
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the __lobe is responsible for skeletal muscle control
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frontal
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the ____lobe is responsible for vision
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occipital lobe
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the ___lobe is responsible for touch and taste
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parietal lobe
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the ___ is responsible for hearing and smell
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temporal lobe
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TSH is secreted by the
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anterior pituitary lobe
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Sodium floods into a neuron to initate an action potential 1st then
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the potassium comes causing repolarization
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loss of calcium from bone matrix occurs with hyperactivity of the
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parathyroid
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a neurotransmitter has opened chemically gated channels leading to an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
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sodium ions will now diffuse their concentration gradient more rapidly **because sodium will diffuse more rapidly under the influence of an excitatory postsynaptic potential
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potassium will diffuse more rapidly under the influence of an
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inhibitory post synaptic potential
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pupil constriction would be affected by a blockage of the
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parasympathetic nervous system
**pupil constriction is an autonomic reflex that is controled by the parasympathic nervous system*** |
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Iris dilation is stimulated by the____neurons
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sympathetic
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pain sensation would be affected by a blockage of the
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sympathic nervous system
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developing sperm are isolated from the bloodstrem by ___ of the systentacular cels***this prevents an autoimmune response to ones own sperm
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tight junctions
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sperm is produced in the
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seminiferous tubules
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testerone is secreted by the
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interstial cells of lydig
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final maturation of sperm cells occurs in the
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epididymis
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the normal number of spermatozoa per millilter of semen is
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50,000,000-150,000,000
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The primary significance of the Krebs cycle in term of ATP production is
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transfer energy into NADH and FADH
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____should be measured to perdict when ovulation will occur
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LH
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progesterone is secreted in the ____phase
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post-ovulatory
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Estrogen levels are high in the preovulatory phase triggering the relase of ____hormone and ___ hormone that causes ovulation
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gonadotropic releaseing hormone and luteinzing hormone
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A _____ and ____ are released at ovulation
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secondary oocyte and one polar body
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The ____ is the thick muscular layer of the uterus
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myometrium
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during the process of oogeneses meiosis II is completed at
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fertilization
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The ____is shed during the menstrual cycle
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functional zone
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_____ is suspended development at birth and is comleted at puberity
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meiosis I
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Ovulation occurs in the metaphase of
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meiosis II
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Implantation occurs when the
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fertilized egg successfully attaches to the uterine wall
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blood present in the capillary bed of the glomerulus exits thru the
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efferent arteriole
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correct blood flow thru a nephron is
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afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritublar capillaries, venules
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___ is the majority of nitrogen containing material in urine
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urea
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____is what makes urine yellow
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urobilinogen
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If urine formation is normal but no urine enters the bladder there is likely to be an obstruction in a____
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ureter
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obstruction of the renal tubules would be indicated by
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abnormal urine formation
the renal tubles are part of the collecting system involved with filtration and reabsorption |
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The modified distal tubular cells form the_____
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macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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the juxtaglomerualr apparatus is part of the _____
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distal convoluted tubule
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The smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole coexist with the macula densa to form the
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juxtaglomerular apparatud
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The micturition reflex is initated by _____ in the bladder wall
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strech receptors in the bladder wal
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____will be in urine if a person is fasting
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ketons
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_____will be in urine if a person has be excercising strenously
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Protein
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The____is the part of the nephron that increases its permeability to water in the presense of ADH
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collecting duct
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In the _______ is wherre the largest % of filtered water is reasorbed
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proximal convoluted tubule
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_____is where tublar fluid from individual nephrons drains and where the final concentration and volume of urine is determined*by this time the proximal convoluted tuble has already performed its majority in reabsorption of water
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The collecting duct
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Glumerular filatration can be reduced by
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the diameter of the afferent arteriole
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_____is a response stimulated by the alcohol in serveral glasses of beer acting on ADH
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Increased urination
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_____are cells specialized for filtration that are found in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
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Podocytes
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The function of atrail natriuretic peptide in renal autoregulation of GFR is to stimulate
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relaxation of glomerular mesangial cells
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The permeability of the collecting ducts to water is regulated by
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blood hydrostatic pressure
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The normal daily volume of urine produced is
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1000-2000 ml
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Urea is produced in the process of detoxifying___
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ammonia
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Beta oxidation is the process by which
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fatty acids are broken down for use in the Krebs cycle
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The complete hydrolysis of proteins yields ___ ___
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amino acids
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The hormones primarily responsible for daily regulation of the production of body heat are produced by the
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thyroid gland
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Most biological oxidations are
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dehydrogenation reactions
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Dietary lipids are transported in lymph and blood by
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chylomicrons
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The role of insulin in the body's utilization of glucose is to
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increase the rate of glycolysis
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For glycogen to be used for energy production it must first be converted to
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glucose 6-phosphate
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The inability to synthesize proteins is the result of
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destruction of a cells ribosomes
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____provides a barrier that restricts the movements of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tissue into the epithelium
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The basal lamina
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A_____junction is a cellular connection that allows rapid passage btn cells
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gap junction
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A ____junction is a cellualr connection that prevents passage of water and solutes btn cells
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tight
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Intracelluar cement is a
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cellular connection that bonds adjacent cell membranes
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blood clotting is regulated by a
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positive feedback system
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respiration rate is controlled by a
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negative feedback system
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Negative feed back systems gernerally control
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regular stable conditions in the body--ex temp, respirations
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The mitral/left atrioventrucular valve is btn the__ and the___
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The mitral/left atrioventtricular valve is btn the L atrium and L ventricle
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The aortic valve is btn the
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left vent and aortia
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The pulmonic valve is btn the
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R vent and plumonary trunk
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The tricuspid is AKA
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atrioventricular
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The # of carotid sinus impulses increase followed by peripheral vasodilation and decrease cardiac output best describes the
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short term physiological responses of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex that occurs after a sudden increase in aterial bllod pressure
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The tongue closes the ___ during swallowing
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oropharynx
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The ___closes the larynx
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tongue
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ASA is an effective antithrobic agent because
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it blocks synthesis of thromboxane A2
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___and ___enzymes are primarly responsible for protein digestion
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gastric and pancreatic
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___in pancreatic juice are primarly responsible for nucleic acid digestion
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Nucleases
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Retinol (vit A) is toxic if
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taken in excess
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____maintain osmotic pressure and provide transport
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Albumins
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If a person with high BP has an elevated afterload the end systolic volume will
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increase
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the 4 layers of the GI tract from the lumen to the outside are
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mucosa, submucosa, muculairs and serosa
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Frank starling principle=
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an increased preload leads to an increased stroke volume
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The enrty of fatty chyme into the small intestine triggers the release of bile into the small intestine
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The chyme causes the intestine to secrete CCK/cholecystokinin which causes the galbladder to release bile
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The blood pressure in the ventricle and aorta causes the
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aortic valve to close preventing backflow during the cardiac cycle
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Carbondioxide stimulates
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respiration
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The renal arteries orginate in the
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abdominal aorta
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The common iliac arteries orginate in the
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abdominal aorta and extend to the pelvis and legs
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The suprarenal arteries originate in the
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aorta
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The testicular or ovarian arteries orginate btn
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the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
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Digestion of lipids would be hampered if the
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liver were severly damaged--bile salts
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__and __ enzymes are primarly responsible for carb digestion
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saliva and pancreatic enzymes
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During rapid ventricular filling of the cardiac cycle the ventricle pressure is the
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lowest
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pressure peaks during ventricular
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ejection/systole
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pressure builds during atrial contraction of
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atrial systole
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pressure drops quick during isovolumetric relaxation of
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ventricular diastole
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Manual stimulation of the baroreceptors of the carotid sinuses by massaging the neck over the carotid sinus would cause a
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drop in BP and heart rate
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Enterogastric reflex inhibts the
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intestinal phase of gastric secretion**the enterogastric reflex reduces gastric secretion by inhibiting both local and vegal responses and tighting of the pyloric sphincter
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An increase in the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood causes the
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rate and depth of ventilation to increase
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An increase in peripheral resistance would directly increase
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systemic arterial pressure
|
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cardiac output will decrease if either
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heart rate or stroke volume decreaseses
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stroke volume decreases if
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end diastolic volume decreases
|
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lack of intrinsic factor can lead to
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the decreaed oxygen carring capacity of blood--
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polycythemia=
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excess red blood cells
|
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if the connection btn the vagus nerve and the heart were severed the heart rate would
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increase
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The __vein has the lowest blood pressure
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ulnar
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|
|
___ generally have lower pressure thatn arteries
|
veins
|
|
|
The appendix is attaches to the
|
cecum
|
|
|
____in the aveoli and ____ prevent the lungs from collasping
|
surfactant in the avoli and negative pleural pressure
|
|
|
____in the bronchial tree and thoracic cavity triggers inhalation
|
negative pressure in bronchial tree and thoracic cavity triggers inhalation
|
|
|
____secretion is involved in the digestion of protein in the stomach
|
chymotripsin
|
|
|
secretin is triggered by the arrival of___in the small intestine
|
chyme
|
|
|
blood ph over 7.45=
|
alkalosis
|
|
|
_____can help bring an arterial blood ph of 7.25 into normal range
|
breathing rapidly and deeply
|
|
|
lowerd blood proteins will contribute to
|
the formation of edema
|
|
|
sodium concentration exceeds potassium concentration =s
|
the ionic status of extracelluar fluid**sodium is the largest componet of extracellular fluid
|
|
|
the left atrium recieves OXGENATED blood from the
|
lungs
|
|
|
the right atrium recieves blood from
|
systemic circulation
|
|
|
The right ventricle delivers blood to
|
pulmonary circulation
|
|
|
Aciduria is the production of
|
acidic urine
|
|
|
Acidosis is the term for
|
blood pH below 7.35
|
|
|
A pH os 7.1 is dangerously low and typical of
|
diabetic ketoacidosis
|
|
|
___is the main protein buffer in intracellular fluid
|
Albumin
|
|
|
Bicarbonate is active in both
|
intracellular and extracellular fluid
|
|
|
___is most important in the buffering of plasma acid
|
Bicarbonate
|
|
|
The _____is a group of four muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper leg
|
quadriceps femoris
|
|
|
The ___is a group of three muscles in the posterior compartment of the upper leg
|
hamstring
|
|
|
The gastrocnemuis is in the
|
posterior compartment of the lower leg
|
|
|
The tibalis anterior is in the
|
anterior compartment of the lower leg
|
|
|
____is where blood cells form
|
red bone marrow
|
|
|
Changing the conformation of troponin is the function of
|
calcium in muscle contraction
|
|
|
___is the active protein in smooth muscle that binds to calcium to initate contraction
|
calmodulin
|
|
|
Myosin heads/crossbridges are activated by stimulation form the
|
nervous system acting on muscle fibers
|
|
|
During bone development Primary Intramembranous Ossification is the
|
process for ossification of most of the axial skelton
|
|
|
Appositional ossificaitons adds
|
layers under which new bone develops
|
|
|
Limb bones form by
|
endochondral ossification
|
|
|
The acetabulum function is to
|
articulate with head of the femur
|
|
|
Only the thoracic vertebrae have
|
facets that provide rib articulation
|
|
|
plasticity, dense bodies, and involuntary describe ____muscle
|
smooth
|
|
|
striations, anaerobic, and voluntary describe___muscles
|
skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Lactic acid build up will cause
|
muscle fatigue
|
|
|
_____provides energy for quick contraction of muscles
|
creatine phosphate
|
|
|
____is the componet of bone that operates to reduce the brittleness of bone
|
collagen
|
|
|
Osteoclast cause bone to
|
break down by removing the bone matrix
|
|
|
The olecranon fossa holds the
|
olecranon process when the elbow is extended
|
|
|
The foramen magnum function is to
|
connect the brain with the spinal cord
|
|
|
The function of the obturator foramen is to
|
allow passage of blood vessels and nerves to lower extremites
|
|
|
The sitting position flexes the (sitting in a chair)
|
hips and knees
|
|
|
Cartilage grows by
|
appositionla and insterstial growth
|
|
|
bone grows by ___growth only
|
appositional growth only
|
|
|
The differences btn bone and cartilage is
|
cartilage is avascular and has a variety of fibers--bone is vascular and has primary collagen fibers
|
|
|
What points are used to measure the leg
|
the anterior inferior iliac spine to ther lateral malleolus of the fibula
|
|
|
What type of muscle is the diaphram
|
skeletal
|
|
|
the result of enzymatic reactions are
|
a decrease in the energy of activation of chemical reactions
|
|
|
hydrophobic molecules are__molecules
|
nonpolar
|
|
|
polar molecules are formed by
|
the unequal sharing of electrons
|
|
|
the number of neutrons is different for the number of protons =s an____
|
isotope
|
|
|
unreactive elements do NOT form___
|
bonds
|
|
|
Unreactive means
|
the outermost shell is filled
**unreactive elements are inherently stable |
|
|
A___is a solution of large molecules such as dispersed proteins
|
colloid
|
|
|
A ___is a stabilizing compound of a weak acid and a salt
|
buffer
|
|
|
A ___is a product of the reaction btn an acid and a base
|
salt
|
|
|
glucose in urine is a characteristic of untreated DM because
|
elevated blood glucose exceeds the renal transport system leading to excessive glucose excretion into urine
|
|
|
the bowmans capsule and the glumeruls comprise the
|
renal corpuscle
|
|
|
the bladder will empty reflexively without voluntary control if
|
the spinal cord has not be severed
|
|
|
Increased osmolarity signals dehydration the body reacts by
|
increasing ADH and stimulating thirst
|
|
|
If body fluid osmolarity exceeds normal levels the____will increase
|
antiduretic hormone
|
|
|
Urine produced in the renal lobes collects in the
|
renal papillae and then is discharded directly into the minor calyx of the kidney
|
|
|
_____increases glumerular filtration(GFR)
|
afferent arteriolar vasodilation
|
|
|
alcohol inhibits the release of
|
ADH
|
|
|
Increased renin production causes an increased
|
aldosterone secretion and constriciton of the efferent arterioles
|
|
|
______reabsorption increase is a result of increased renin production of the juxtagomerular apparatus
|
Sodium
|
|
|
The ___is the reputured follicle resulting from ovulation
|
corpus luteum
|
|
|
The endometrium is the thickest towards the end of the
|
secretory phase
|
|
|
The placenta provides
|
nutrition and produces hCG
|
|
|
___prepares mammory glands for lacation
|
humanplacental lactogen (hPL)
|
|
|
To stimulate the release of horomones from the corpus luteum is the main role of___during the 1st 3 months of pregancy
|
hCG
|
|
|
___stimulates parturtion
|
oxytocin
|
|
|
The____glands secrete thick mucus that netralizes urine acidity and lubricates the tip of the penis
|
bulbourethral glands
|
|
|
The seminal vesicle secretes
|
fructose, postraglandin, and fibrinogen
|
|
|
The ___is the major source of the fructose secretions by sperm cells for energy
|
seminal vesicles
|
|
|
____cells secrete androgen-binding protein that increases testoserone conceration
|
Sustentacular cells
|
|
|
The ___stores spermatazoa
|
epidydimus
|
|
|
The ____cells of the testes produce testosterone
|
interstitial cells
|
|
|
Meioisis II is complete if
|
fertilizaiton occurs
|
|
|
During the process of oogenesis meiosis I is completed at
|
puberty
|
|
|
The secretion of adrenocorticotropic horomone(ACTH) leads the stimulation of the adrenal cortex causing the release of
|
glucocorticoids
|
|
|
The ___controls the movement of the tongue
|
hypoglossal XII
|
|
|
The ___serves motor function of the eye
|
trochlear IV
|
|
|
The _____serves the taste buds on the tongue
|
glossopharyngeal IX
|
|
|
Cocaine and LSD act like
|
catecholamines dopamine adn epinephrine
|
|
|
Herion relieves by pain memicking the activity of
|
endorphins
|
|
|
TSH is secreted by the__gland
|
pituitary gland
|
|
|
The thalmus relays sensory info to the
|
cortex
|
|
|
The hypothalamus releases hormones that control the
|
anterior lobe in of the pituitary gland
|
|
|
The basal nuclei control
|
muscle tone and movement patterns
|
|
|
Hypersecretion of oxytocin would cause
|
an over production of milk
|
|
|
hyposecretion of prolactin will cause a mother to be unable to
|
produce enough milk for her new born
|
|
|
ADH regulates
|
the kidneys reabsorption of water and also elevates BP and blood volume
|
|
|
Increased Na+ permeability of celluar membranes is the result of an
|
excitaroty postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
|
|
|
Two motor(viseral) neurons synapse in
|
automatic ganglion
|
|
|
Damage to the medulla oblongta =s problems
|
with visceral activity espicaly cardiac and respiratory functions
|
|
|
Damage to the hypothalamus causes problems with
|
emotional respinse and viseral activity
|
|
|
damage to the cerebellum causes loss of
|
muscle tone and clumsiness
|
|
|
Efferent tracts are
|
descending pathways that carry impulses from the brain
|
|
|
parasympathetic afferent fibers are in the
|
periphal nervous system
|
|
|
somatic afferent fibers are in the
|
spinothalamic nerve tract
|
|
|
____is the tiny gap in time btn the action potentials arrival and its effect on the postsynaptic membrane
|
synaptic delay
|
|
|
facilitation occurs when
|
a neuron is brought very close to the threshold of action potential by repeated stimuli
|
|
|
Saltatory propagation is the
|
action potential that jumps along the nodes
|
|
|
_____ is the process in which excitatory messages arrive simultaneiosly creating action potential
|
spatial summation
|
|
|
amplication of sound waves results from
|
the tympanic membrane collecting vibrations and transmitting them to the oval window
|
|
|
A decrease in blood____stimulates the increased secrection of the parathyroid hormone
|
calcium(Ca2)
|
|
|
___is the white part of the eye
|
sclera
|
|
|
the ___is the inner most part of the eye
|
retina
parts of the retina are pigmented and contain small blood vessels |
|
|
The ___is the nonvascular transpartent coat that covers the iris
|
cornea
|
|
|
The ___is the opening at the center of the iris
|
pupil
|
|
|
a lesion on the R spinothalmic above the second cervical level a person would be
|
unable to feel touch at the L side a head and neck
|
|
|
a lesion on the left spinothalamic tract the pt would be unablet o distinguish
|
touch/pressure on the right side below neck
|
|
|
When inadequate dietary intake of iodine results in significantly reduced blood thyroxin levels, how do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary respond?
|
Thyrotopin releaseing hormone levels in the blood and TSH levels increase
|
|
|
**Aldosterone is secreted in response to a drop in blood pressure or blood volume**
|
**aldosterone is released after a blood donation**
|
|
|
The digestive tract is lined with
|
simple columnar epithelium
|
|
|
_____lines the most of the upper respiratory tact
|
pseudostrarified columar epithelium
|
|
|
The____is the deepest inner layer of the epidermis
|
stratum germinativum
|
|
|
transverse =
|
superior and inferior
|
|
|
frontal =
|
anterior and posterior
|
|
|
midsaggital =
|
right and left
|
|
|
____ is the method of passive transport depends on carrier poteins that change the shape to allow movemnet from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
glycogen is produced in the__
|
liver
|
|
|
glucagon is released to
|
increase glucose levels
|
|
|
Insulin is produced by the
|
pancrease
|
|
|
___makes up the bulk of normal ICF
|
potassium
|
|
|
___is needed to strimulate most cells of the body to increase the uptake of glucose
|
Insulin
***this best describes the homestasis of blood glucose** |
|
|
Cervical veretebrae have transverse
|
foramena and bifid spinous processes
|
|
|
____extends the leg at the knee
|
recus femoris
|
|
|
The ____ ____ is a knee flexor and is also involved in hip flexion
|
biceps femoris
|
|
|
The ______extends the ankle and helps with flexion of the knee
|
gastrocnemius
|
|
|
The semitendinosus is a __flexor
|
knee flexor
|
|
|
The pH of blood must be kept constant to sustain
|
H20 balance
|
|
|
Water/fluid balance is sustained primary by
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
|
|
____results in the least amt of water loss
150mls qd |
defication
|
|
|
breathing h20 loss is about
|
400mls qd
|
|
|
perspiration h20 loss is about
|
750mls qd
|
|
|
urination h20 loss is about
|
1,200 mls qd
|
|
|
The ___and the____ in cervical vertebrae protect blood vessles serving the brain
|
transverse foramina and bifid spinous
|
|
|
____joints are slightly moveable
|
amphiarthosis
|
|
|
The sutures of the skull are fibrous____joints
|
synarthrosis
|
|
|
The myosin head forms crossbridges by
|
acting on the actin following ATP hydrolysis
**this is the second step of the contraction** |
|
|
Ca2 moves tropomysin from the myosin binding site in the contraction of skeletal muscle this initates the
|
contraction cycle
|
|
|
The latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major are___
|
antagonist
the latissimus dorsi is an extensor and the pectorlais major is a flexor |
|
|
short intense mucle activities like spinting use
|
CP and ATP
|
|
|
strenght activities like weight lifting relay on
|
anaerobic metabolism
|
|
|
____metabolism is the bodys energy source for a 100 mile bike race or running or cycling
|
aerobic
|
|
|
____is the location of the blood vessels that nourish the cells of compact bone
|
haversian canals
|
|
|
Muscle proteins do not break down until several hours after death causing the end of
|
rigor mortis
|
|
|
Cessation of ____ causes the irreverersible cross linkage actin and myosin fliaments during rigor mortis
|
ATP
|
|
|
skeletal muscles can produce
|
graded contractions because are each made up of many muscle fibers thru the differential stimulation of muscle fibers
|
|
|
Aqueous solutions are most eaisly formed if the
|
solute is polar
|
|
|
____promote chemical reaction
|
Enzymes
|
|
|
decreasing the temp of the reaction
|
reduces the rate of a chemical reaction
|
|
|
carbon 14 ia an
|
istotope
|
|
|
BP is normally higest in the
|
renal artery
|
|
|
______best reduces peripheral resistance in blood vessels
|
Increasing the diameter of arterioles
|
|
|
The __wave signals depolarization of the atria
|
P wave
|
|
|
The ____occurs after contraction of the atria
|
QRS
|
|
|
______occurs when all the valves have closed
|
Isovolumetic contraction
|
|
|
The aortic valve opens during the____ and closes at the end of the____wave
|
The aortic valve opens during the QRS comples and closes at the end of the T wave
|
|
|
Contraction of the atria occurs 1st after the
|
P wave
|
|
|
ATP is formed from ADP
|
thru catabolism
|
|
|
The ________vein has the largest cross-setional area
|
brachiocephalic vein
|
|
|
____facilitate the digestion of fat by causing fat emulsification
|
bile salts
|
|
|
baroreceptor stimulation occurs in response to a
|
rise in BP and acts to bring it back to normal
|
|
|
a form of hydrolysis is the formation of
|
glucose to glycogen
|
|
|
arterilar smooth muscles contract in vasular spasm is the 1st hemostatic event to occur following damage to an
|
arteriole
|
|
|
______stimulation causes a decrease in cardiac output and peripheral resistance
|
Baroreceptor stimulation
|
|
|
smooth muscles will___following stimulation of the baroreceptors in the aortic arch
|
relax
|
|
|
glycogen chanded to glucose is an example
|
a catabolic chemical reaction
|
|
|
decreased heart rate at time of increased blood pressure is a normal response of the
|
cardioinhibitory center of the medulla oblongata
|
|
|
A major function of hepatocytes is the formation and secretion of
|
bile
|
|
|
In the gastric phase strech receptors and hormonal reactions control
|
gastric activity
|
|
|
In the cephalic phase of gastric activity reflexes from the head based senses stimulate
|
increased gastric activity
|
|
|
During the intestinal phase of gastric activity
|
control is inhibited by the enterogastic reflex
|
|
|
When blood pH decreases more
|
O2 is avaiable to tissues
|
|
|
The function of surfacant produced by type II alveolar cells is
|
it reduces surface tension the alveoli can more eaisly expand during inspiration
|
|
|
glycogenolysis is the breakdown of
|
glycogen an energy reserve used when glucose is insufficient***occurs in a pt with falling glusose levels***
|
|
|
lipoprotein carries
|
cholesterol
|
|
|
ventilation is ___to remove excess carbon dioxide in response to a higher than normal blood levels of carbon dioxide
|
increased
The purpose of hyerventialtion is to remove CO2 |
|
|
___acts on the liver to increase the rate of bile secretion
|
secretin
|
|
|
_____of the lungs and chest wall causes expiration during normal quite breathing
|
passive recoil
|
|
|
Aan increase in end idastolic volume(EDV) is an effect of
|
increased venous rtn
|
|
|
Cardiac output is the
|
volume ejected from the ventricle into the aorta each minute
|
|
|
EDV/end diastolic volume is the
|
blood volume at the end of systole
|
|
|
The heart will____if there is an excess of potassium
|
stop
|
|
|
Heart contractibility and irritability is enhanced by
|
high levels of calcium
|
|
|
____is produced in the duodenum and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile
|
cholecystokinin
|
|
|
____arteries have more smooth muscle
|
small
|
|
|
Lipid digestion depends on
|
pancreatic enzymes and bile salts
|
|
|
cellose is
|
undigestable
|
|
|
_____produce pepsin a protein digesting enzyme
|
chief cells
|
|
|
The addition of water to molecular bonds is involved in
|
chemical digestion
|
|
|
The bundle of his or AV bundle
carries the impulses from the |
AV node to the ventricles
|
|
|
The AV node connects the
|
atria to ventricles
|
|
|
The time that ____valves are open last the longest
|
AV
|
|
|
The right coronary artery conducts blood to the
|
SA node
|
|
|
The ____duct connects the gallbladder and common bile duct
|
cystic
|
|
|
The ______is the entrance to the superior region of the stomach from the esophagus
|
lower esophageal spincter
|
|
|
The ____controls the passage from stomach to duodenum
|
pyloric sphincter
|
|
|
As BPG and temp increases more O2 is
|
released from hemoglobin
|
|
|
AS PCO2 increases Ph drops and so does
|
hemoglobin saturation
|
|
|
An elevation in Ph will increase the affinity of
|
hemoglobin for oxygen
|
|
|
The______ causes inhibiton of the feeding center
|
satiety center
|
|
|
The right and left portions of the thalamus are connected by the
|
intermediate mass
|
|
|
The ___and ___ areas help control breathing
|
pneumotaxic and apneustic
|
|
|
The medulla oblongata is btn the
|
foramen magnum and the pons
|
|
|
the blood CSF barrier is composed of
|
ependymal cells
|
|
|
Cerebrospinal fluid functions
|
acts as a shock absorber for the brain
contains WBCs-is a medium for exchange of netrients and waste |
|
|
CSF is produced by
|
filtration and secretion in the choroid plexuses
|
|
|
____are paired masses of gray matter with in the white matter of the cerebrum that are rich in dopamin and are involved in the maintance of muscle tone
|
basal ganglia
|
|
|
The cavities in the brain are called
|
ventricles
|
|
|
The cranial nerve that has a deratone is the
|
trigeminal
|
|
|
The plexus from which the sciatic nerve arises is located
|
anterior to the sacrum
|
|
|
In the tendon reflex the tendon organs sense changes in
|
muscle contraction or passice strech
|
|
|
the____is the orgin of the sciatic nerve
|
sacral plexus
|
|
|
____is normally found in the epidural space
|
fat
|
|
|
spinal nerves are considered mixed which means they contain both
|
afferent and efferent nerves
|
|
|
The ____ is the roots of spinal nerves hanging inferiorly from the inferior end of the spinal cord in the vertebral column
|
The caudia equina
|
|
|
Most neurons are
|
interneurons
|
|
|
The trigger zone on a unipolar neuron is at the
|
junction of the axon and dendrite
|
|
|
_____conduction is the the conduction of a nerve impulse along a myelinated axon
|
saltatory conduction
|
|
|
a neurotransmitter that allows sodium ions to leak into a postsynaptic neuron causes
|
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
|
|
|
CSF is normally found with in the
|
central canal of the spinal cord
|
|
|
_____is the time following an action potential during which a second action potential cannot be initated reguardless of stimulus strenght
|
The absolute refractory period
|
|
|
The ____zone on a unipolar neuron is at the junction of the axon and dendrite
|
trigger zone
|
|
|
membrane proteins called G proteins may be important in the
|
activites of ligand-gated ion channels
|
|
|
Efferent neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to
|
effectors
|
|
|
Neuroglia in the CNS that produces the myelin sheath are
|
oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
_____are clusters of rough ER in the cell body
|
Nissl bodies
|
|
|
The origin of a muscle refers to the
|
attachment to the stationary bone
|
|
|
brevis means
|
shortess
|
|
|
a work in a muscle name that indicates the muscle derease the size of an opening is
|
sphincter
|
|
|
The insertion of skeletal muscle is the
|
connection to the bone that moves while the muscle contracts and the point at which effort is applied in an anatonical lever system
|
|
|
The function of myoglobin is to
|
bind oxygen for aerobic respiration
|
|
|
Sliding filament theory says that
|
myofibers shorten when then filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by swiveling of the myosin heads
|
|
|
pushing with arms =s
|
isometric contractions
|
|
|
The protein making up the M line that binds titin and connects thick filaments to eatch other is
|
myomesin
|
|
|
during the latent period of muscle contraction calcium ions are beginning to enter the
|
sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
The role of acetycholine in skeletal muscle contraction is to
|
bind specific receptors on the sarolemma to open sodium ion channels
|
|
|
The muscle that relaxes during a particular action is the
|
atagonist
|
|
|
The greastes ROM occurs in which joints
|
ball and socket
|
|
|
skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract when
|
acetylcholine binds to receptors on the sarcolemma causing action potential
|
|
|
The function of calcium ions in skeletal muscle contraction is to
|
bind to the troponin on the thin filaments so that the myosin binding sites onthe actin can be exposed
|
|
|
glucose is stored in muscle cells as
|
glycogen
|
|
|
_____is the plasma membrane of a myofiber
|
sarcolemma
|
|
|
The ____is areolar connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers
|
endomysium
|
|
|
The ability of muscle to strech without being damaged is
|
extensibiltiy
|
|
|
Striations in muscle tissue is due to the
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arrangement of proteins with in the cells
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____and ____both have joint cavities btn articulating bones and become synostoses as the body ages
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sutures and syncondroses
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In a symphysis articulating bones are connected by
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fibrocartilage
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_____sutures generally do not persist into adulthood
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frontal sutures
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What type of bone is the scapula
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flat
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flat bones consit of
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2 parallel plates of compact bone
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short bones lenghtand width are
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nearly equal
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synthesis of vit D needs
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UV light
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sebaceous glands usually secrete thier products into the
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necks of hair follicles
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differences in skin color is due to the amt of
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melanin produced by melanocytes
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What is normally found btn the visceral and parietal layer os the pleura
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serous fluid
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The function of osteoblast is to produce
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new collagen for bone matrix
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osteoclast are located in the
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endosteum
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The role of human growth hormone in bone growth is that it
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stimulates the production of IGFs
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The most abundant tissue in the body is
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connective tissue
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most oxygen is transported in blood by the
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heme portion of hemoglobin
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The type of chemical reaction catalyzed by the digestive enzymes in the digestive juices of the alimentary canal is
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hydrolysis
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what event makrs the beginning of the stage of expulsion in true labor
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complete cerical dilation
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The fetus is protected from mechanical injury by fluid contained within the
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amnion
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How many days after ferilization does implantation of the blastocyst occur
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6 days
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The female structure that is homologuos to the scrotum is the
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labia majoria
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What is the next event following syngamy
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depolarizaition and release of calcium ions by the oocyte
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dietary lipids are trasported in the lymph and blood by
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chylomicrons
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