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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 respiratory volumes?
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Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Vital Capacity, and Residual Volume.
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Define tidal volume.
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It's the volume of air that you breathe in or out in 1 normal resting breath.
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What is an average tidal volume?
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500mL
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Define inspiratory reserve volume.
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It's the volume of air that one can forcefully inspire above and beyond the normal inspiration. (How much you can forcefully inhale AFTER a normal inhilation).
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What is the average inspiratory reserve volume for men?
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3300mL
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Define the expiratory reserve volume.
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Volume of air one can forcefully exhale after a normal exhalation.
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About how much is the average expiratory reserve volume?
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1000mL
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Define vital capacity.
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It's the total volume of air that you can move in or out of the lungs. (Breathe in as much as possible, then breathe out forcefully everything you can).
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What is the average vital capacity for ment and women?
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Men: 5500mL, Women:3500mL
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What is vital capacity made up of?
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The Tidal Volume+Inspiratory Reserve Volume+Expiratory Reserve Volume= Vital Capacity
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What is the residual volume?
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It's the little bit of air left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration.
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About how much air is in the residual volume?
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1200mL
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Define Diffusion
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Movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration.
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What is the term for concentration when talking about gas pressure?
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Partial Pressure
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How would you write partial pressure of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Mercury?
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pO2, pCO2, pHg
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What is the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level?
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760 mmHg
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In the atmosphere, what percentage is oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide?
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Oxygen: 21%
Nitrogen: 78% Carbon Dioxide: <1% |
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How do you find the partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure?
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760 x (20%)= 159 mmHg
or 760 x (.20)= 159 mmHg |
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If you were to add all of the partial pressures what would the total be?
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760
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What is the partial pressure of Nitrogen?
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760 x (78% or .78)= 592.8 mmHg
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Does the partial pressure stay the same when the gases are inhaled?
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No, they mix with the stale air in the passageways and it dilutes it so that the partial pressure decreases a bit.
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If the pressure in the alveolus is 104 mmHg, and the pressure in the capillary is 40 mmHg, the gas will do what?
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The gas will go from the alveolus to the capillary
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Do gases move from high to low partial pressure or low to high?
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From high to low.
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How is oxygen transported through the blood?
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It attaches to the iron on the hemaglobins of the red blood cells.
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What percentage of oxygen is transported through the blood via hemaglobins?
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97%
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What is done with the remainder?
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The remainding 3% of oxygen dissolved in the blood.
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Where is CO2 produced?
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In cells.
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What is the chemical equation that makes Carbon Dioxide?
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Glucose + O2--->36 ATP + CO2 + H2O
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Is the parital pressure of CO2 (pCO2) high or low in cells, why is this vital?
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It is high in cells, and low in the blood, so it diffuses into the blood and travels to the heart, then to the lungs where it is exhaled.
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What three ways is carbon dioxide transported through the blood?
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A small amount is dissolved in the blood (7%),
A small amount attaches to globing of hemaglobing (30%), 63% is chemically changed into something else (it undergoes a reaction with water). |
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What is H2CO3 called?
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Carbonic Acid
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Is carbonic acid stable?
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No, it breaks down into a bicarbonate ion.
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The carbon dioxide travels in the ________.
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HCO3 (-) ion.
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How do we exhale CO2?
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Once it goes to the hear in HCO3, it also goes to the lungs, the chemical reaction reverses in the lungs because we can only breathe out CO2.
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What is the reversed chemical reaction?
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HCO3+H-->H2CO3-->H20+CO2
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How do we control respiration (as part of homeostasis)?
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Through the Herring-Breuer reflex (which controls normal breathing), and the humoral control.
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Explain the humoral control.
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It states that O2, CO2, and H are important for controlling breathing, we have receptors for these chemicals, and they are monitored frequently, we change our breathing to keep the levels normal.
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Which chemical is the most important one according to the humoral control?
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CO2.
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What happens to the CO2 levels when we hold our breath?
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The CO2 level increases because we aren't exhaling it, yet we're still making it. Eventaully, the CO2 will build up too much and it forces you to breathe, (it's a very strong stimulus that we can't stop).
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Can someone die from holding their breath too long?
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No, because of the stimulus created by the large amounts of CO2.
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What happens if we hyperventilate?
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The CO2 levels in blood decrease because we're exhaling very fast and not making enough. If the level drops too much, a stimulus inhibits breathing and stops it, which stops the income of O2 too.
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Does breathing in a paperbag really help someone who is hyperventilating?
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Yes, because they are exhaling CO2 into the bag and then inhaling it in again, so the levels stay relatively normal.
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