Ap 4 Ch33 Decolonization And The Decline Of The European World Order_Vocabulary

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Indian National Congress Party

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Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period

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B. G. Tilak

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Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first Populist leader in India.

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Indian National Congress Party

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Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period

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B. G. Tilak

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Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first Populist leader in India.

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Morely-Minto reforms of 1909

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Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils.

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Morely-Minto reforms of 1909

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Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils.

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Lord Cromer

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British adviser in khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.

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effendi

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Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.

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Dinshawai incident

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Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.

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Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

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Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

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Rowlatt Act

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Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919.

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satyagraha

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Literally, "truth-force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British colonialism.

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Muslim League

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Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement.

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Simon Commission

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In 1927 considered future Indian colonial government responses to nationalist demands; served to unify nationalist politicians on both right and left of independence movement and also to heal rift between Muslims and Hindus

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Government of India
Act of 1935

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British agreed to retain control of the central administration in return for turning over the provincial governments to Indian leaders chosen by expanded electorate

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Mandates

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Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922

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Lord Balfour

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British minister who issued the Balfour Declaration

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Zionist

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Someone apart of Zionism (Movement originating in Eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine)

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Leon Pinsker

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European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land

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Theodor Herzel

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Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

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Wafd Party

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Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles Treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghl[[auumlaut]]l; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922

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Negritude

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Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements

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Atlantic Charter of
1941

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World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

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Muslim nationalist in India; originally a member of the National Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during World War II for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan

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Kwame Nkrumah

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African nationalist during period of decolonization; responsible for creation of first independent, black African state of Ghana in 1957; established power through his own party, the Convention Peoples party (CPP)

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Jomo Kenyatta

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Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU); failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau

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Land Freedom Army

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Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau

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National Liberation
Front (FLN)

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Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958

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Secret Army
Organization (OAS)

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Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence

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Afrikaner National
Party

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Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid

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Apartheid

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Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically