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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Respiration that occurs at alveoli level of lungs and capillaries
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external respiration
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Respiration that occurs between blood capillaries and, tissues and cells
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internal respiration
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Main Function of respiratory system
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Supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2
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Nose, air passages, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and trachea are part of the
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upper respiratory tract
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Lower trachea, lungs, bronchial tubes and alveoli are part of the
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lower respiratory tract
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These air sacs total 300,000,000 and cover 600 sq ft.
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aveoli
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We create 1 quart a day of this substance and most is swallowed
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mucus
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Noses have what kind of cell that is important to its function of mucus secretion
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psuedostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
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These cells have several layers for protection and can be found on hands, feet and external areas
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stratified epithelium
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This type of cell has many layers and only the bottom layer is in contact with the basement membrane
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stratified epithelium
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What is the fibro-muscular tube that is 4-6 inches and spans from the base of skull to C6
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pharynx
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What are the three parts of pharynx
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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This structure is found posterior to nasal cavity, spans from ear to eustachian tube, has pharyngeal tonsils, psudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells (aka respiratory epithelium)
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nasopharynx
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This structure is found posterior to oral cavity, has lingual tonsils and stratified epithelium
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oropharynx
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T/F Stratified squamous epithelium has no cilia, no mucus secretion and no goblet cells
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True
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This structure is found posterior to larynx and has stratified squamous epithelium
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laryngopharynx
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What muscles make up the laryngopahrynx? Include the three levels from superior to inferior.
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skeletal, skeletal and smooth muscle, smooth muscle
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What Four processes are necessary for respiration to happen
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Respiratory system -pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, Cardiovascular system - transport, internal respiration
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What happens at the site of the respiratory zone? What structures does this zone consist of?
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gas exchange, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
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Conducting zones provide and include
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rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange, includes all other respiratory structures (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)
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Diaphragm is a respiratory muscle that
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expands and contracts thoracic cavity to make room for respiration
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The functions of nose are
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provide airway for respiration, moistening and warming air, filtering inspired air and cleaning it, housing the olfactory receptors
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What is the first line of defense in respiration?
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nasal hair such as vibrissae and cilia
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Vibrissae are located
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right inside nose/vestibule
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The nose is divided into two regions
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external nose, internal nasal cavity
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What is shallow groove inferior to apex of nose
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philtrum
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The external nares are bounded laterally by the
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alae
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This structure is made up of almost all cartilage and connective tissue
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nose
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This structure is divided by nasal septum
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nasal cavity
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What part of nasal cavity is superior to nares
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vestibule
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What are the hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air and are found in vestibule
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vibrissae
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This lines the superior nasal cavity and contains smell receptors
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olfactory mucosa
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This lines the balance of nasal cavity, glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme and defensins to help destroy bacteria
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respiratory mucosa
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Smoking paralyzes these inside your nose
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cilia
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In the nasal cavity, inspired air is
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humidified by the high water content, warmed by rich plexus of capillaries
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What cells remove contaminated mucus
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ciliated mucosal cells
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Why is a bloody nose hard to stop?
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There is a lot of vascularization in nose
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During inhalation what two things filter, heat and moisten air inside nose
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conchae and nasal mucosa
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During exhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa do what
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reclaim heat and moisture and minimizes heat and moisture
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What is the purpose of paranasal sinuses?
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lighten the skull by 5 pounds and warm and moisten air
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What is stimulated to cause us to sneeze
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sneeze receptors
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What is the funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and larynx and esophagus inferiorly
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pharynx
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What extends from the base of skull to C6
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pharynx
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This serves as strictly and air passage and closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
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nasopharynx
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This opens to the oral cavity via an archway called fauces and serves as a common passageway for food and air
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oropharynx
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This serves as a common passageway for food and air, extends to the larynx, where the digestive pathways diverge
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laryngopharynx
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This structure is 3-4 inches ling and superiorly attaches to the hyoid none
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larynx
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This structure inferiorly attaches to the trachea
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larynx
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Three fuctions of the larynx are
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provide patent airway, act as switching mechanism to route food and air into proper channels, voice production
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Elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
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epiglottis
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3 types of cartilage of larynx
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thyroid cartilage (adams apple), cricoid cartilage, and three pairs of small cartilages
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How is speech produced
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intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis
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How is pitch determined
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by the length and tension of vocal cords
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How is loudness of voice determined
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depends on the force at which air rushes across vocal cords
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In voice production, this structure resonates, amplifies and enhances sound quality
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pharynx
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Sound is shaped in to language by
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pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips
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This structure connects larynx to bronchi
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trachea
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How long is trachea
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4-5 inches
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What is the flexible and mobile tube extending from larynx into mediastinum
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trachea
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The trachea is composed of three layers including
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mucosa, submucosa, adventitia (c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that contract and relax)
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This marks the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the right and left bronchi
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carina
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The air reaching this structure is warm and cleansed of impurities and saturated with water vapor
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bronchi
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Bronchi subdivide into what, that each supply a lobe of the lung
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secondary bronchi
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Air passages undergo how many orders of branching in the lungs
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23
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This glassy and tough substance protects from trauma to throat
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hyaline cartilage
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What structure consists of 16 C shaped rings that go half way around and is made up of skeletal muscle at top, smooth and skeletal muscle in middle and smooth muscle at bottom?
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trachea
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What zone is defined by the presence of alveoli; begining as terminal bronchioles and feed into respiratory bronchioles
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respiratory zone
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Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, then to terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of what
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alveoli
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These are surrounded by fine elastic structures and house macrophages
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alveoli
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These structures contain open pores that connect adjacent structures and allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized
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alveoli
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These keep alveolar surfaces sterile
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macrophages
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The lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the
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mediastinum
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This is the site of vascular and bronchiole attachments of the lungs
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root
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This is the surface anterior, lateral and posterior that is in contact with the lungs
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costal surface
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What is the narrow superior tip of the lungs above clavicle
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apex
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What part of the lungs rests on the diaphram
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base
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What is the indentations of the lungs that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels coming out
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hilus
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What part of the lung is a cavity that accommodates the heart
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cardiac notch
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What side of the lung has two lobes
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left
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what side of the lung has 3 lobes
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right
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How many bronchopulmonary segment are in each lung
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10
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Lungs are perfused by these two circulations
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pulmonary and bronchial
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These supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated and feed into pulmonary capillary network surrounding alveoli
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pulmonary arteries
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These carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart
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pulmonary veins
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provide systemic blood to lung tissue, arise from aorta and enter lungs at hilus, and supply all lung tissue except alveoli
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bronchial arteries
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These two types of veins anastomose with each other
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bronchial veins ans pulmonary veins
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What carries most venous blood back to heart?
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pulmonary veins
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Thin double layered serosa or sac that surrounds lung to protect it
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Pleurae
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This pleurae covers the thoracic wall and superior face of diaphram and continues around heart ans between lungs
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parietal pleurae
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This pleurae covers the external lung surface and divides tha thoracic cavity into three chambers (central mediastinum, two lateral compartments each containing a lung)
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visceral or pulmonary pleurae
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Breathing or pulmonary respiration consists of two phases which are
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inspiration and expiration
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Respiratory pressure is always relative to what
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atmospheric pressure
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Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity include the following
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Respiratory pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure (plane), pressure exerted by air surrounding body (deep sea diving), intrapulmonary pressure within alveoli, intrapleurla pressure in pleaural cavity
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What two forces act to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall promoting lung collapse
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elasticity of lungs cause them to assume possible size and surface tension of alveolar fluid draws alveoli to their smallest possible size
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What is the opposing force in the lungs
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elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward to enlarge lungs
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What is it called when bronchiole becomes plugged and the alveoli absorb all the air and collapse
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lung collapse or atelectasis
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Atelectasis can bee seen in what conditions
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pneumonia, trauma
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What is it called when there is air in the intrapleural space
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pneumothorax
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A mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
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pulmonary ventilation
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In this function, volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure
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pulmonary ventilation
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This law is the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases
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Boyles law - breathe out molecules far apart and less pressure, breathe in they are close together and more pressure
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This occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and the rib cage rises
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inspiration
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This occurs when intercostal muscles relax and the ribcage descends due to gravity
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expiration
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As this rises, breathing movements becomes more strenuous
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airway resistance
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During airway resistance, severely constricted or obstructed bronchioles can lead to what
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prevention of life-sustaining ventilation and can occur during acute asthma attacks which stops ventilation
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During airway resistance, this substance is released via the sympathetic nervous system and dialates bronchiloes to reduce air resitance
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epinephrine
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This is the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface
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Surface tension of alveoli
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The liquid coating on the alveolar surface is always acting to do what
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reduce the alveoli to the smallest possible size
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This is a detergent-like complex surrounding lungs that reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing
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surfactant
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The ease at which lungs can be expanded, the change in lung volume that occurs within a given change in transpulmonary pressure
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lung compliance
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The measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure is determined by two main factors which are
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distensibility of lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cavity and surface tension of alveoli
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What reduces the natural resiliance of the lungs
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scar tissue or fibrosis
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Blockage of smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid, reduced production of surfactant and decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or its decreased ability to expand all contribute to what
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Factors that diminish lung compliance
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Air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath is what
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tidal volume
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Air that can be expired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
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inspiratory volume
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Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration
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expiratory reserve volume
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Air left in lungs after strenuous expiration
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residual volume
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Total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration
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inspiration capacity
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Amount of air remaining in lungs after tidal expiration
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functional residual capacity
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the total amount of exchangeable air
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vital capacity
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Sum of all lung volumes is
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total lung capacity
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An instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function
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spirometer
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A spirometer can distinguish which lung problems
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obstructive pulmonary disease (increased airway resistance) and restrictive disorders (reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes)
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Pulmonary function test measures what
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total ventilation (total amount of gas flow in and out of lungs in one minute), forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume
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When lungs become waterlogged and edematous, gas exchange is inadequate and oxygen deprivation results. What happens to lungs
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the respiratory membranes thicken
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In emphysema when walls of adjacent alveoli break through, what happens to lungs
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there is a decrease in surface area of the lungs
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In internal respiration, the summary of gas exchange that occur between the blood and the alveoli and between the blood and the tissues cells takes place by what process
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simple diffusion
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Molecular oxygen is carried in the blood and bound to hemogobin (Hb) within red blood cells, and dissolved in plasma. This is part of what process
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oxygen transport
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What is the term for low oxygen to the tissues
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hypoxia
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What type of hypoxia occurs when blood circulation is impaired or blocked
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ischemic or stagnant hypoxia
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What type of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use oxygen. Toxicity, spider bite
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histotoxic hypoxia
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What type of hypoxia is seen in reduced oxygen pressure such as carbon monoxide poisoning
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hypoxemic hypoxia
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Carbon dioxide is transported in blood in the following ways
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dissolved in plasma (7-10%), chemically bound to hemoglobin (20%), Bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%)
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Normal ph of blood is what and a small change can cause acidosis
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7.4
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Changes in respiratory rate can also what
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alter blood ph, provide a fast-acting system to adjust ph when it is disturbed by metabolic factors
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Carbon monoxide has how many times more affinity for hemoglobin
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200
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Medullary respiratory centers and the control of respiration. The dorsal respiratory group functions as
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the pacesetting respiratory center, excite the inspiratory muscles and sets breath rates (12-15 per minute), becomes dormant during expiration
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What respiratory group is involved in forced inspiration and expiration
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ventral respiratory group
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Respiratory rhythm is a result of interconnected neuronal networks in the what
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medulla
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What is the condition when there is an increase in the rate and depth of breathing that exceeds the bodies need to remove CO2, and occurs when CO2 levels in blood cause cerebral blood vessels to constrict producing cerebral ischemia
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Hyperventilation
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What is the condition occurring with slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low Pulnmonary CO2 levels
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hypoventilation - apnea may occur until P CO2 levels rise -
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What controls the act through limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration,
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higher brain centers of the hypothalamic breath holding in anger
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What center control rise in body temp acting to increase respiratory rate
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higher brain centers
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What are direct signals from the cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls such as voluntary breath holding, taking a deep breath
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cortical controls -- example: send message to medulla to make you faint before going into hypoxia
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Respiratory adjustments in exercise depend on what
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intensity and duration of exercise
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During vigorous exercise what happens in terms of respiratory adjustments
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ventilation can increase 20 fold, breathing becomes deeper and more vigorous but rate may not be significantly vchanged
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Exercise-enhanced breathing is not prompted by an increase in pulmonary CO2 or a decrease in PO2 or ph. True or False
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True. These levels remain constant during exercise
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As exercise begins, what happens to ventilation
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increases abruptly, rises slowly and reaches a steady state
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When exercise stops what happens
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ventilation declines suddenly, then gradually decreases to normal
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Neural changes that bring about changes in ventilation during stopping and starting exercise
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psychic stimuli, cortical motor activation, excitatory impulses from proprioceptor in muscles
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The body responds to quick movement to high altitude (above 8000 ft) with symptoms of acute mountain sickness which are
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headache, shortness of breath, nausea and dizziness
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What is the respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude called
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acclimatization
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COPD in exemplified by these two conditions
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chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema
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Patients with COPD have a history of what
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smoking, dyspnea where labored breathing gets progressively worse, coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
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COPD victims develop resipratory failure accompanied by what
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hypoxemia, carbon dioxide retention and respiratory acidosis
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Asthma is characterized by what
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dyspnea, wheezing and chest tightness
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What is the pathology of Asthma
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active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms, airway inflammation is an immune system response, affects airways with excessive mucus production, bronchial muscle contraction and swelling caused by obstruction.
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What happens during Asthma attack
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spams in the muscles and bronchi contract and impede outward passages of stale air. Person can get starved for air with coughing, wheezing and chest tightness. The bronchial tube becomes 1/4 the size and fills with mucus. the person is starved for oxygen
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The incidence of asthma are what
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last decade we have seen an increase by 1/3, 20 million people is US suffer (6 million children and 14 million adults), children under 16 and over 65 are more prone
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What is an infectious disease caused by bacterium myobacterium tuberculosis and what are the symptoms
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TB, fever, night sweats, weight loss, a racking cough, and splitting headache. Treatment is 12 month course of antibiotics
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Lung cancer accounts for what percentage of all cancer deaths in US
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1/3
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What percentage of patient with lung cancer were smokers
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90%
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Three most common types of lung cancer are
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squamous cell carcinoma (20-40% of cases) arises in bronchial epithelium. adenocarcinoma (25-35%) originate in peripheral lung area - pleural sacs, small cell carcinoma (20-25%) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize
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By what week can a premature baby breathe in its own
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28 weeks
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In the fetus, their lungs are filled with what
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fluid, and blood bypasses the lungs
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What percentage of disease is treated with lifestyle modification
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75%
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Where does the gas exchange take place in the fetus?
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placenta
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At birth, what happens with respiration
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respiratory centers are activated, alveoli inflate, and lungs begin to function
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