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168 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Respiration that occurs at alveoli level of lungs and capillaries
external respiration
Respiration that occurs between blood capillaries and, tissues and cells
internal respiration
Main Function of respiratory system
Supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2
Nose, air passages, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and trachea are part of the
upper respiratory tract
Lower trachea, lungs, bronchial tubes and alveoli are part of the
lower respiratory tract
These air sacs total 300,000,000 and cover 600 sq ft.
aveoli
We create 1 quart a day of this substance and most is swallowed
mucus
Noses have what kind of cell that is important to its function of mucus secretion
psuedostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
These cells have several layers for protection and can be found on hands, feet and external areas
stratified epithelium
This type of cell has many layers and only the bottom layer is in contact with the basement membrane
stratified epithelium
What is the fibro-muscular tube that is 4-6 inches and spans from the base of skull to C6
pharynx
What are the three parts of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
This structure is found posterior to nasal cavity, spans from ear to eustachian tube, has pharyngeal tonsils, psudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells (aka respiratory epithelium)
nasopharynx
This structure is found posterior to oral cavity, has lingual tonsils and stratified epithelium
oropharynx
T/F Stratified squamous epithelium has no cilia, no mucus secretion and no goblet cells
True
This structure is found posterior to larynx and has stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx
What muscles make up the laryngopahrynx? Include the three levels from superior to inferior.
skeletal, skeletal and smooth muscle, smooth muscle
What Four processes are necessary for respiration to happen
Respiratory system -pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, Cardiovascular system - transport, internal respiration
What happens at the site of the respiratory zone? What structures does this zone consist of?
gas exchange, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
Conducting zones provide and include
rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange, includes all other respiratory structures (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)
Diaphragm is a respiratory muscle that
expands and contracts thoracic cavity to make room for respiration
The functions of nose are
provide airway for respiration, moistening and warming air, filtering inspired air and cleaning it, housing the olfactory receptors
What is the first line of defense in respiration?
nasal hair such as vibrissae and cilia
Vibrissae are located
right inside nose/vestibule
The nose is divided into two regions
external nose, internal nasal cavity
What is shallow groove inferior to apex of nose
philtrum
The external nares are bounded laterally by the
alae
This structure is made up of almost all cartilage and connective tissue
nose
This structure is divided by nasal septum
nasal cavity
What part of nasal cavity is superior to nares
vestibule
What are the hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air and are found in vestibule
vibrissae
This lines the superior nasal cavity and contains smell receptors
olfactory mucosa
This lines the balance of nasal cavity, glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme and defensins to help destroy bacteria
respiratory mucosa
Smoking paralyzes these inside your nose
cilia
In the nasal cavity, inspired air is
humidified by the high water content, warmed by rich plexus of capillaries
What cells remove contaminated mucus
ciliated mucosal cells
Why is a bloody nose hard to stop?
There is a lot of vascularization in nose
During inhalation what two things filter, heat and moisten air inside nose
conchae and nasal mucosa
During exhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa do what
reclaim heat and moisture and minimizes heat and moisture
What is the purpose of paranasal sinuses?
lighten the skull by 5 pounds and warm and moisten air
What is stimulated to cause us to sneeze
sneeze receptors
What is the funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and larynx and esophagus inferiorly
pharynx
What extends from the base of skull to C6
pharynx
This serves as strictly and air passage and closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
This opens to the oral cavity via an archway called fauces and serves as a common passageway for food and air
oropharynx
This serves as a common passageway for food and air, extends to the larynx, where the digestive pathways diverge
laryngopharynx
This structure is 3-4 inches ling and superiorly attaches to the hyoid none
larynx
This structure inferiorly attaches to the trachea
larynx
Three fuctions of the larynx are
provide patent airway, act as switching mechanism to route food and air into proper channels, voice production
Elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
epiglottis
3 types of cartilage of larynx
thyroid cartilage (adams apple), cricoid cartilage, and three pairs of small cartilages
How is speech produced
intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis
How is pitch determined
by the length and tension of vocal cords
How is loudness of voice determined
depends on the force at which air rushes across vocal cords
In voice production, this structure resonates, amplifies and enhances sound quality
pharynx
Sound is shaped in to language by
pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips
This structure connects larynx to bronchi
trachea
How long is trachea
4-5 inches
What is the flexible and mobile tube extending from larynx into mediastinum
trachea
The trachea is composed of three layers including
mucosa, submucosa, adventitia (c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that contract and relax)
This marks the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the right and left bronchi
carina
The air reaching this structure is warm and cleansed of impurities and saturated with water vapor
bronchi
Bronchi subdivide into what, that each supply a lobe of the lung
secondary bronchi
Air passages undergo how many orders of branching in the lungs
23
This glassy and tough substance protects from trauma to throat
hyaline cartilage
What structure consists of 16 C shaped rings that go half way around and is made up of skeletal muscle at top, smooth and skeletal muscle in middle and smooth muscle at bottom?
trachea
What zone is defined by the presence of alveoli; begining as terminal bronchioles and feed into respiratory bronchioles
respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, then to terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of what
alveoli
These are surrounded by fine elastic structures and house macrophages
alveoli
These structures contain open pores that connect adjacent structures and allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized
alveoli
These keep alveolar surfaces sterile
macrophages
The lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the
mediastinum
This is the site of vascular and bronchiole attachments of the lungs
root
This is the surface anterior, lateral and posterior that is in contact with the lungs
costal surface
What is the narrow superior tip of the lungs above clavicle
apex
What part of the lungs rests on the diaphram
base
What is the indentations of the lungs that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels coming out
hilus
What part of the lung is a cavity that accommodates the heart
cardiac notch
What side of the lung has two lobes
left
what side of the lung has 3 lobes
right
How many bronchopulmonary segment are in each lung
10
Lungs are perfused by these two circulations
pulmonary and bronchial
These supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated and feed into pulmonary capillary network surrounding alveoli
pulmonary arteries
These carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart
pulmonary veins
provide systemic blood to lung tissue, arise from aorta and enter lungs at hilus, and supply all lung tissue except alveoli
bronchial arteries
These two types of veins anastomose with each other
bronchial veins ans pulmonary veins
What carries most venous blood back to heart?
pulmonary veins
Thin double layered serosa or sac that surrounds lung to protect it
Pleurae
This pleurae covers the thoracic wall and superior face of diaphram and continues around heart ans between lungs
parietal pleurae
This pleurae covers the external lung surface and divides tha thoracic cavity into three chambers (central mediastinum, two lateral compartments each containing a lung)
visceral or pulmonary pleurae
Breathing or pulmonary respiration consists of two phases which are
inspiration and expiration
Respiratory pressure is always relative to what
atmospheric pressure
Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity include the following
Respiratory pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure (plane), pressure exerted by air surrounding body (deep sea diving), intrapulmonary pressure within alveoli, intrapleurla pressure in pleaural cavity
What two forces act to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall promoting lung collapse
elasticity of lungs cause them to assume possible size and surface tension of alveolar fluid draws alveoli to their smallest possible size
What is the opposing force in the lungs
elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward to enlarge lungs
What is it called when bronchiole becomes plugged and the alveoli absorb all the air and collapse
lung collapse or atelectasis
Atelectasis can bee seen in what conditions
pneumonia, trauma
What is it called when there is air in the intrapleural space
pneumothorax
A mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
pulmonary ventilation
In this function, volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure
pulmonary ventilation
This law is the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases
Boyles law - breathe out molecules far apart and less pressure, breathe in they are close together and more pressure
This occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and the rib cage rises
inspiration
This occurs when intercostal muscles relax and the ribcage descends due to gravity
expiration
As this rises, breathing movements becomes more strenuous
airway resistance
During airway resistance, severely constricted or obstructed bronchioles can lead to what
prevention of life-sustaining ventilation and can occur during acute asthma attacks which stops ventilation
During airway resistance, this substance is released via the sympathetic nervous system and dialates bronchiloes to reduce air resitance
epinephrine
This is the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface
Surface tension of alveoli
The liquid coating on the alveolar surface is always acting to do what
reduce the alveoli to the smallest possible size
This is a detergent-like complex surrounding lungs that reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing
surfactant
The ease at which lungs can be expanded, the change in lung volume that occurs within a given change in transpulmonary pressure
lung compliance
The measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure is determined by two main factors which are
distensibility of lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cavity and surface tension of alveoli
What reduces the natural resiliance of the lungs
scar tissue or fibrosis
Blockage of smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid, reduced production of surfactant and decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or its decreased ability to expand all contribute to what
Factors that diminish lung compliance
Air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath is what
tidal volume
Air that can be expired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
inspiratory volume
Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
Air left in lungs after strenuous expiration
residual volume
Total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration
inspiration capacity
Amount of air remaining in lungs after tidal expiration
functional residual capacity
the total amount of exchangeable air
vital capacity
Sum of all lung volumes is
total lung capacity
An instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function
spirometer
A spirometer can distinguish which lung problems
obstructive pulmonary disease (increased airway resistance) and restrictive disorders (reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes)
Pulmonary function test measures what
total ventilation (total amount of gas flow in and out of lungs in one minute), forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume
When lungs become waterlogged and edematous, gas exchange is inadequate and oxygen deprivation results. What happens to lungs
the respiratory membranes thicken
In emphysema when walls of adjacent alveoli break through, what happens to lungs
there is a decrease in surface area of the lungs
In internal respiration, the summary of gas exchange that occur between the blood and the alveoli and between the blood and the tissues cells takes place by what process
simple diffusion
Molecular oxygen is carried in the blood and bound to hemogobin (Hb) within red blood cells, and dissolved in plasma. This is part of what process
oxygen transport
What is the term for low oxygen to the tissues
hypoxia
What type of hypoxia occurs when blood circulation is impaired or blocked
ischemic or stagnant hypoxia
What type of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use oxygen. Toxicity, spider bite
histotoxic hypoxia
What type of hypoxia is seen in reduced oxygen pressure such as carbon monoxide poisoning
hypoxemic hypoxia
Carbon dioxide is transported in blood in the following ways
dissolved in plasma (7-10%), chemically bound to hemoglobin (20%), Bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%)
Normal ph of blood is what and a small change can cause acidosis
7.4
Changes in respiratory rate can also what
alter blood ph, provide a fast-acting system to adjust ph when it is disturbed by metabolic factors
Carbon monoxide has how many times more affinity for hemoglobin
200
Medullary respiratory centers and the control of respiration. The dorsal respiratory group functions as
the pacesetting respiratory center, excite the inspiratory muscles and sets breath rates (12-15 per minute), becomes dormant during expiration
What respiratory group is involved in forced inspiration and expiration
ventral respiratory group
Respiratory rhythm is a result of interconnected neuronal networks in the what
medulla
What is the condition when there is an increase in the rate and depth of breathing that exceeds the bodies need to remove CO2, and occurs when CO2 levels in blood cause cerebral blood vessels to constrict producing cerebral ischemia
Hyperventilation
What is the condition occurring with slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low Pulnmonary CO2 levels
hypoventilation - apnea may occur until P CO2 levels rise -
What controls the act through limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration,
higher brain centers of the hypothalamic breath holding in anger
What center control rise in body temp acting to increase respiratory rate
higher brain centers
What are direct signals from the cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls such as voluntary breath holding, taking a deep breath
cortical controls -- example: send message to medulla to make you faint before going into hypoxia
Respiratory adjustments in exercise depend on what
intensity and duration of exercise
During vigorous exercise what happens in terms of respiratory adjustments
ventilation can increase 20 fold, breathing becomes deeper and more vigorous but rate may not be significantly vchanged
Exercise-enhanced breathing is not prompted by an increase in pulmonary CO2 or a decrease in PO2 or ph. True or False
True. These levels remain constant during exercise
As exercise begins, what happens to ventilation
increases abruptly, rises slowly and reaches a steady state
When exercise stops what happens
ventilation declines suddenly, then gradually decreases to normal
Neural changes that bring about changes in ventilation during stopping and starting exercise
psychic stimuli, cortical motor activation, excitatory impulses from proprioceptor in muscles
The body responds to quick movement to high altitude (above 8000 ft) with symptoms of acute mountain sickness which are
headache, shortness of breath, nausea and dizziness
What is the respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude called
acclimatization
COPD in exemplified by these two conditions
chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema
Patients with COPD have a history of what
smoking, dyspnea where labored breathing gets progressively worse, coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
COPD victims develop resipratory failure accompanied by what
hypoxemia, carbon dioxide retention and respiratory acidosis
Asthma is characterized by what
dyspnea, wheezing and chest tightness
What is the pathology of Asthma
active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms, airway inflammation is an immune system response, affects airways with excessive mucus production, bronchial muscle contraction and swelling caused by obstruction.
What happens during Asthma attack
spams in the muscles and bronchi contract and impede outward passages of stale air. Person can get starved for air with coughing, wheezing and chest tightness. The bronchial tube becomes 1/4 the size and fills with mucus. the person is starved for oxygen
The incidence of asthma are what
last decade we have seen an increase by 1/3, 20 million people is US suffer (6 million children and 14 million adults), children under 16 and over 65 are more prone
What is an infectious disease caused by bacterium myobacterium tuberculosis and what are the symptoms
TB, fever, night sweats, weight loss, a racking cough, and splitting headache. Treatment is 12 month course of antibiotics
Lung cancer accounts for what percentage of all cancer deaths in US
1/3
What percentage of patient with lung cancer were smokers
90%
Three most common types of lung cancer are
squamous cell carcinoma (20-40% of cases) arises in bronchial epithelium. adenocarcinoma (25-35%) originate in peripheral lung area - pleural sacs, small cell carcinoma (20-25%) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize
By what week can a premature baby breathe in its own
28 weeks
In the fetus, their lungs are filled with what
fluid, and blood bypasses the lungs
What percentage of disease is treated with lifestyle modification
75%
Where does the gas exchange take place in the fetus?
placenta
At birth, what happens with respiration
respiratory centers are activated, alveoli inflate, and lungs begin to function