A&p 4

Front 1

Skeletal Muscle

Back 1

Voluntary nerve response

Striated

Multi nucleus

biceps, triceps

Front 2

Cardiac Muscle

Back 2

inoluntary nerve response

Striated

single nucleus

heart

Front 3

Smooth Muscle

Back 3

inoluntary nerve response

non-Striated

single nucleus

sphincter, digestive, arteries

Front 4

3 types ofmuscle:

Back 4

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

Front 5

Functionsof Muscle

Back 5

Movement

Heat generation

Joint stabilization

Works with the skeletal system to maintain posture.

Propels movement of blood through the veins of the circulatory system.

Front 6

Tendon

Back 6

connective tissue that wraps around muscle, tapers, and connects to bone

Front 7

Aponeurosis

Back 7

broad sheet of fibrous connective tissue (tendon) that attach muscle to bone or other muscles

Front 8

lineaalba

Back 8

the sheet of fibrous tissue that attaches right and left abdominal muscle a the midline of the abdomen

Front 9

Origin(of muscle)

Back 9

the most stable attachmentsites of muscle

Front 10

Insertion (of muscle)

Back 10

the more movable attachment sites of muscle

Front 11

Fascia

Back 11

connective tissue that lies over muscle.

Cobweb looking.

Anchors

Front 12

Connectivetissue in muscle...

Back 12

simultaneously separates and holds muscle tissue together

Front 13

Threelayers of connective tissue

Back 13

Epimysium

perimysium

endomysium

Front 14

Epimysium

Back 14

thick Connective tissue that wraps covers the entire muscle

Front 15

Perimysium

Back 15

Connective tissue thatextends into the muscle and wraps around each muscle bundle

Front 16

Endomysium

Back 16

thin Connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber

Front 17

Muscle

Back 17

group of muscle cells working together tocontract

Front 18

Fascicle(muscle bundle)

Back 18

a structure within the muscle that contains muscle cells and bound together by perimysium

Front 19

Musclefiber (muscle cell)

Back 19

a cell that runs the entire length of a muscle

Front 20

Sarcolemma

Back 20

cell membrane of a muscle cells. Contains a lot of sodium Ions

Front 21

transverse tubules (T-tubules)

Back 21

channels of the inner portion of the sarcolemma

Front 22

MAP- Muscleaction potential

Back 22

Uses energy to fore t-tubules to open

Front 23

Sarcoplasm

Back 23

cytoplasmof a muscle cell

Front 24

Myofibril

Back 24

longthreadlike structures that run the length of a muscle cell for muscle contraction

Front 25

Sarcoplasmicreticulum

Back 25

membrane that encloses the myofibril. High number of calcium ions.

The ER of Muscle cells

Front 26

Sarcomere

Back 26

acompartment along each myofibril that is created by Z lines. Contracting unit of a muscle.

Front 27

Myofilaments

Back 27

Proteins actin and myosin

Actin= a thin myofilament

Myosin= thin myofilament

Front 28

Striations

Back 28

give muscle it’s stripy appearance

Front 29

A bands and I bands

Back 29

A bands-dark in color

I bands- light in color

Front 30

Z lines

Back 30

disks that run perpendicular through the muscle cell that aid with contractions

attached to actin filaments

Front 31

Neuromuscularjunction

Back 31

Area that involves the nerve, muscle cell and the space between thetwo

Front 32

Motor neuron

Back 32

a nerve that carries signals from the CNS

Front 33

Neurotransmitter

Back 33

a molecule that is released from the nerve and binds with the muscle cell

Front 34

Synapticcleft

Back 34

space between the muscle and the nerve

Front 35

Acetylcholinesterase

Back 35

binds with ACH

to break it down

Front 36

Energysupplies for the muscle tissue

Back 36

Theblood stream provides:

1. Glucose

2. Oxygen

Front 37

Glucose storage in muscle

Back 37

isstored in muscle tissue in the form of “glycogen.”

Front 38

Oxygen storage in muscle

Back 38

stored in muscle tissue by attaching to aprotein molecule called “myoglobin.”

Front 39

Chemistry ofmuscle contraction

Back 39

rapidsplitting of ATP

Front 40

2types of muscle respiration

Back 40

1. Aerobic(preferred)

2. Anaerobic

Front 41

AerobicCellular respiration

Back 41

normal healthymuscle cell

muscle physiology which utilizes O2 & glucose for rapid splitting ofATP

Front 42

Aerobic respirationsequence

Back 42

1. O2 and glucose enter muscle cells throughblood stream

2. Glucose in muscle cell utilizes O2 for rapid ATP production (splitting)

3. Glucose and O2 are then broken down to pyruvic acid

4. pyruvic acid is broken down to CO2 and H2O bymitochondria of cells

Front 43

Anaerobicrespiration of muscle cell

Back 43

last resort muscle use

without oxygen

Front 44

shortcomings of anaerobic respiration

Back 44

1. huge amounts of glycogen must be used forsmall harvest of ATP production (good only for short bursts of energy)

2. fatigue and soreness from lactic acid accumulation

Front 45

Anaerobic respiration sequence

Back 45

1. Absence of oxygen causes muscle cell to utilizesstored “glycogen” in the muscle tissue instead of O2 and glucose for rapid Productionof ATP.

2. glycogen is then broken down to pyruvicacid.

3. because there is nooxygen present, pyruvic acid is broken down into “lactic acid” which sits in muscle tissue for prolonged period.

Front 46

All or noneprinciple

Back 46

when a muscle cell contracts, the entire cell contracts completely

Front 47

Twitch

Back 47

involuntary motor neuron adjacent to the cell it is working with

Involuntary stimulation of motorneuron.

Front 48

Shivering

Back 48

involuntary muscle contraction- motor neurons responding to cold

Front 49

Flexion

Back 49

movement of muscle required decrease the angle between two adjunct bones

Front 50

Extension

Back 50

muscle ability to increase the angle between two adjacent bones

Front 51

Abduction

Back 51

moving limb away from the midline of the body

Front 52

Adduction

Back 52

bringslimb closer to the midline of body

Front 53

Pronation

Back 53

turn a hand /foot palm/plantar side down

Front 54

Supination

Back 54

turn a hand /foot palm/plantar side up

Front 55

Inversion

Back 55

to turn a body part inward toward the midline of the body

Front 56

Eversion

Back 56

to turn a body part away the midline of the body

Front 57

Rotation

Back 57

to twist or turn a structure in a circular motion

Front 58

Dorsiflexion

Back 58

decrease of an angle between the food and the tibial crest

Front 59

Plantar flexion/palmarflexion

Back 59

increase the angle between the food and the cranial aspect of a limb

Front 60

Protraction

Back 60

jutting out of a body structure from the body

Front 61

Retraction

Back 61

bringing inward of a body structure

Front 62

Dilation

Back 62

widening or increase of the lumen of a body structure

Front 63

Constriction

Back 63

Decrease of the lumen of a body structure

Front 64

Rigormortis

Back 64

condition of muscle tissue in which muscle is very stiff becausecalcium of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is leaking out of the sarcolemma

Front 65

the splitting ATP

Back 65

-ATP molecules behave like tiny batteries which can be recharged over andover again.

1. ATP molecule loses one phosphate group, creating ADP.

2. Compound in muscle tissue called “creatine phosphate” binds withADP.

3. This converts the ADP molecule back into an ATP molecule which is readyto charge again.

Front 66

Glidingjoint

Back 66

usually involves differentflat bonesJoints which can perform a gliding motion.

Has a small range of motion

carpals, tarsals, clavicle, scapula

Front 67

Hingejoint

Back 67

movement of joint on a one dimensional plane like a door hinge

elbow,knee, fingers

Front 68

Pivotjoint

Back 68

involves bones which can perform rotational action

Head & neck rotation

“yes/no” joint

Front 69

Ball andsocket joint

Back 69

ball-like surface of one bone fits into the depression ofanother bone

Freely movement on many planes.

Largest range of motion.

Ex. Hipjoint, shoulder joint

Front 70

Saddlejoint

Back 70

rotate and gliding.

Ex. thumb