A&p 2Nd Exam,chapters 12, 9 And 10

Front 1

Endocrine system

Back 1

consists of a group of glands that produces regulatory chemicals called hormones.

Front 2

The Endrocrine and Nervous System:

Back 2

Work together to control and coordinate all other systems.

Front 3

Hormones

Back 3

are chemical messengers that have specidic regulatory effects on certain cells or organs.

Front 4

Hormones from the endocrine glands:

Back 4

are released directly into the bloodstream, which carries them to all parts of the body. They regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behavior.

Front 5

Hormones that effect tissues:
Examples -

Back 5

Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and insulin.

Front 6

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Back 6

a hormone that only EFFECTS one specific tissue, one pituitary homone, TSH, acts only on the thyroid gland.

Front 7

Andrnocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH):

Back 7

Stimulates ONLY the outer portion of the adrenal gland.

Front 8

Target Tissue

Back 8

Is the specific tissue acted on by each hormone.

Front 9

Receptors

Back 9

cells that make up these tissue (target tissues), have receptors in the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm to which the hormone attaches.

Front 10

Hormone Chemistry

Back 10

Chemically hormones fall into 2 main categories, the Amino Acid Compounds, and Steroids.

Front 11

Amino Acid Compounds:

Back 11

These hormones are proteins or related compounds also made of amino acids. All hormones except those of the adrenal cortex and the sex glands fall into this category.

Front 12

Steroids:

Back 12

These hormones are types of lipids derived from the steroid cholesterol. Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex and the sex glands, steroid hormones can be recognized by the -one, as in progesterone, testosterone.

Front 13

Hormone Regulation: (Negitive Feedback): Most commonly used

Back 13

In negitive feedback, the hormone itself, or the result of its action; controls futher homone secretion. When the target tissue becomes too active, there is a negative feedback effect on the endrocine gland, which then decreases its secretory action.

Front 14

Hormome Regulation; (Postive Feedback): Less commonly used:

Back 14

In this case, response to a hormone promotes further hormone release. An example of that would be the action of oxytocin during labor, and the release of hormones in the menstraul cycle.

Front 15

Hypersecretion

Back 15

oversecretion

Front 16

hyposecretion

Back 16

undersecretion

Front 17

Where the Pituitary gland is located?

Back 17

In a saddlelike depression of the sphenoid bone, just posterior to the point where the optic nerves cross.

Front 18

Infundibulum

Back 18

A stalk in the brain where the pituitary gland connects with the hypothalmus.

Front 19

Hypophysis

Back 19

The pituitary gland is also called this.

Front 20

Anterior and Posterior Lobe

Back 20

The Pituitary gland is divided into 2 parts.

Front 21

Master Gland

Back 21

The pituitary is often called this because it releases hormones that affect the working of other glands, such as the thyroid, gonads (ovaries and testes), and Adrenal glands.

Front 22

-tropin (thytrotropin)

Back 22

Hormones that stimulate other glands may be recognized by the ending -tropin, which means (acting on the thyroid gland).

Front 23

Hypothalamus

Back 23

The pituitary itself is controlled by this gland, which sends secrections and nerve impulses to the pititurary through the infundibulum.

Front 24

Control of the pituitary: (Anterior Pituitary)

Back 24

The hormones produced in the anterior pituitary are not released until a chemical messangers called releasing hormones arrive from the hypothalamus. They travel by way of a special type of circulatory pathway called a portal system.

Front 25

Portal system

Back 25

how hormones travel to be released on the Anterior side of the pituitary gland. By this circulatory detour, some of the blood that leaves the hypothalmus travels to capillaries in the anterior pituitary before returing to the heart.

Front 26

Abbreviation RH

Back 26

is added to the name of the hormone stimulated by the hypothalmaic releasing hormones only on the anterior side of the pituitary, for example, GHRH meaning, growth hormone releasing hormone.

Front 27

Inhibiting hormones (IH)

Back 27

2 anterior pituitary hormones are also regulated by inhibiting hormones from the hypothalmus. Inhibiting hormones suppress both the growth hormone which stimulates growth and metabolism, and Prolactin which stimulates milk production in the mammary glands, these inhibiting glands are abbreviated (GHIH) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, (PIH) Prolactin-inhibiting hormone).

Front 28

Gonadotropins

Back 28

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone), are classified as gonadotropins, there hormone that act on the gonads to regulate growth, development, and function of the reproductive systems in both male and female.

Front 29

Gigantism

Back 29

a tumor in childhood that will force you to grow to be abnormally tall stature.

Front 30

Acromegaly

Back 30

this is when the GH producing cells become overacted in the adult. Which causes a type of gigantism in adults.

Front 31

Thyroid

Back 31

located in the neck, is the largest of the endocrine glands. The thyroid has 2 roughly oval lateral lobes on either side of the laryx (voice box) connected by a narrow band called the (Ishmus). A connective tissue capsule encloses the entire gland.

Front 32

Thyroxine (thyroid hormone)

Back 32

Is one of the thyroid glands that regulate metabolism. Thyroxine is symbolized as T4 based on the number of iodine atoms in each molecule

Front 33

Thiiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)

Back 33

This hormone contains 3 atoms of iodine. So this hormone is called T3. These hormones function to increase the rate of metabolism and protein metabolism.

Front 34

Iodine deficiency

Back 34

The thyroid needs an adequate supply of iodine to produce hormones. The deficiency is rare now due to the wide spread availability of this mineral in iodized salt, veggies, seafood, dairy products, and procedded foods.

Front 35

Calcitonin (thyoid hormone)

Back 35

active in calcium metabolism. Calcionin lowers the amount of calcuim in circulating in the blood by promoting the deposit of calcium in bone tissue.

Front 36

Goiter

Back 36

Is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which may or may not be associtate with overproduction of hormone.

Front 37

Simple Goiter

Back 37

is the uniform overgrowth of the thyroid gland, with a smooth surface appearance.

Front 38

Andemomatous or nodular goiter

Back 38

is an irregular appearing goiter accompanied by a turmor formation.

Front 39

Hypothyroidism

Back 39

shows up as two characteristic states related to age:

Front 40

Infantile hypothyrodism also known as cretinism

Back 40

is a condition resulting from hypothyroidism in infants and children. The usual cause is a failure of the thyroid gland to form. The infant suffers from mental development and physical growth, early continuous treatment with replacement hormone can alter the outlook. By state law, all newborns are tested for this in the USA.

Front 41

Myxedema (hypothyroidism)

Back 41

results from thyroid atrophy, (waisting) in adults. The patient becomes sluggish both mentally and physically and often feels cold. Because thyroid hormone can be administered orally, the patient with myxedema can regain health easily, although treatment must be maintained throught life.

Front 42

Hyperthyroidism

Back 42

Is the opposite of hypothyroidism, overactivity of the thyroid gland with excessive secreation of hormone.

Front 43

Grave Disease

Back 43

A common form of hyperthyrodism, which is characterized by a goiter, a strained apperarance of the face, intense nervousness, weight loss, a rapid pulse, sweating, tremors, and abnormally quick metabolism. Another syptom that is outstanding, is the bulding of the eyes, (protrusion).

Front 44

ExophtThalmos (hyperthroidism)

Back 44

This is known as prtrusion (bulging) of the eyes. This is caused by swelling of the tissue behind the eyes.

Front 45

Treatment of Hyperthroidism

Back 45

suppresion of hormone production with medication.
Destruction of thyroid tissue with radioactive iodine.
Surgical removal of part of the thyroid gland.

Front 46

Thyroid Storm

Back 46

An exaggerated form of hyperthyroidism with a sudden onset. Untreated, it is usually fatal, most affected people can be saved.

Front 47

Thyroiditis

Back 47

Is the general term meaning inflammation of the thyroid.

Front 48

Hashimoto Disease

Back 48

Is an autoimmune thyroiditis that may be hereditary and my also involve excess intake of iodine.
The disease results in enlargemtn of the thyroid (goiter) and hypothyroidism. It is treated with thyroid hormone replacement and, in some cases surgery.

Front 49

Parathyoid Glands

Back 49

Are embedding in the posterior capsule of the thyroid. The secretions from these glands promotes calcium release from bone tissue, thus increasing the amount of calcium circulating in the bloodstream. PTH also causes the kidney to conserve calcium, low PTH, as may be caused by removal of the parathyroids, results in muscle spasms (tentany).

Front 50

Calcitriol - technically called dihydroxycholecalciferol

Back 50

One other hormone is needed for calcium balance in addition to calcitonin and PTH is Calcitriol.
This is the active form of Vit. D in the liver and the kidney. It increases intestinal absorption of calcium to raise blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin, PTH, and Calciriol work together to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood and provide calcium for bone maintaince and other functions.

Front 51

Tetany

Back 51

Spasms due to a low concentration of blood calcium.

Front 52

Adrenal Glands

Back 52

Are 2 small glands located atop the kidneys. Each edrenal gland has 2 parts that act as separate glands.
The inner layer is called the medulla and the outer layer is called the cortex.

Front 53

Medulla

Back 53

Is the inner layer of the adrenal glands.

Front 54

Cortex

Back 54

Is the outer layer of the adrenal glands.

Front 55

Epinephrine also called Adrenaline

Back 55

comes from the adrenal glands.
This is the principle hormone produced by the medulla.

Front 56

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Back 56

Is closely related chemically and is similar in its actions to Epinephine. These 2 hormones are referred to as the "flight or fight" hormones.
Because of their affects during emergency times

Front 57

When released from nerve endings instead of being released directly into the blood stream, they function as neurotransmitters.

Back 57

Some of the effects:
Stimulation - of the involuntary muscle in the walls of the arterioles, causing these muscles to contract and blood pressure to rise accordingly.
Conversion: of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose. The gluscose pours into the blood and travels throughout the body, allowing the voluntary muscles and other tissues to do the extraodinary amount of work.
Increase heart rate
Increase in the metabolic rate of body cells.
Dilation of the bronchioles, through relaxation of the smooth muscle of their walls.

Front 58

Adrenal Cortex -

Back 58

3 main groups of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex:
Clucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex Hormones.

Front 59

Glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

Back 59

Maintain the carbs. reserve of the body by stimulating the liver to convert amino acids into glucose (sugar) instead of proteing. It also has the ability to supress inflammatory response and are often administed as medication for this purpose. The major hormone of this group is the CORTISOL, which is also called hydrocortisone.

Front 60

Mineralocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

Back 60

Are important in the regulation of electrolyte balance. They control sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the kidney tubules. The major hormone from this group is ALDOSTERONE.

Front 61

Sex Hormones (Adrenal cortex)

Back 61

are secreted in small amounts having little effert on the body.

Front 62

Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex:

Back 62

Addisons Disease, and Cushing syndrome,

Front 63

Addison's Disease

Back 63

A disease characterized chiefly by muscle atrophy (loss of tissue), weakenss, skin pigmentation, and disturbances in salt and water balance.

Front 64

Cushing Disease

Back 64

Hypersection of cortisol results in a condition called cushing disease, the syptoms in which include obesity with a moon face, thin skin that bruises easy, muslce weakness, bone loss and elevated blood sugar.

Front 65

Pancreas

Back 65

small groups of specialized cells called (ISLETS), also known as (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS). These cells make up the endrocrine portion of the pancreas.

Front 66

Insulin (most important)

Back 66

The most important hormone secreted by the Islets is Insulin. Insulin is active in the transport of glucose across plasm membrane, thus increasing cellular glucose uptake.

Front 67

Glucagon (hormone produced by islets)

Back 67

Works with insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Glucagon causes liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Glucagon also increases the rate at which glucose is made from proteins and the liver. In these two ways, glucagon increases blood surgar.

Front 68

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 68

When the pancreatic islet cells fail to produce enough insulin, glucose isnot available to the cells to be oxidized (catabolized) for energy.
Intead, the sugar remains in the blood and then must be removed by the kidneys and excreted in urine.
It is the most common endrocrine disorder. Diabetes is divided into 2 main types.
Insulin dependent, and non insulin dependent.

Front 69

Insulin dependen diabetes mellitus (IDDM):

Back 69

Is less common but more severe. It is also known as type 1. This disease usually appears before the age of 30 and is brought on by an autoimmune (self) destruction of the insulin producing cells in the islets. People with this type need close monitoring.

Front 70

Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM):

Back 70

Or type II diabetes) usually occurs in adults, but is now frequently been seen in children. It is typically associated with overweight children and adults. This diabetes is controlled by diet, exercise and oral medication, although in stressful times can be injected.

Front 71

Gestational Diabetes

Back 71

Is brought on from pregnancy, usually goes away once the baby is born, and is usually affected to women that have diabetes in the family.

Front 72

Typical signs of diabetes:

Back 72

Polydipsia (excess thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia (an excess of eating), all brought on by high glucose in the blood and abnormal metabolism.

Front 73

Androgens

Back 73

All male hormones are classified

Front 74

Testerone

Back 74

The main male hormone produced by the testes.

Front 75

Estrogen

Back 75

Female hormone produced by the ovaries.

Front 76

Progesterone

Back 76

the other hormone produced by the ovaries, to assist in the normal development of pregnancy (gestation).

Front 77

Thymus Gland

Back 77

is a mass of lymphoid tissue that lies in the upper part of the chest superior to the heart.
This gland is important in the development in immunity.

Front 78

Thymosin (part of the thymus gland)

Back 78

assists in the maturation of certain white blood cells known as T cells (T lymphocytes) after they have left the thymus gland and taken up residence in lymph nodes throughout the body.

Front 79

Pineal Gland

Back 79

is a small, flattened, coneshaped structure located posterior to the midbrain and connected to the roof of the third venticle. The pineal produces Melatonin, during dark periods. little hormone is produced during the daylight hours.

Front 80

mylelin sheath

Back 80

some axons are covered with a fatty material called myelin that insulates and protects the fiber.

Front 81

Schwann cells (PNS)

Back 81

in the PNS, this covering is produced by special connective tissue cells called shwann cells that wrap around the axon like a jelly roll depositing layers of myelin.

Front 82

Nodes

Back 82

when a sheath is complete, mall spaces remain between the individual cells, these are the tiny gaps, they are important in speeding the conduction of nerve impulses.

Front 83

The structural division of the nervous system that includes the cranial nerves.

Back 83

Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Front 84

The structural division of the nervous system that includes the brain?

Back 84

Central nervous system

Front 85

Effector

Back 85

Any tissue or organ that carries out a command from the nervous system, all of which are muscles or glands.

Front 86

Somatic nervous system

Back 86

Is controlled voluntarily(by concious and will) and all its Effectors are skeletal muscles.

Front 87

Automatic Nervous system

Back 87

Is the involuntary division of the nervous system. Making refernce to its automatic activity. It is also called the Visceral Nervous System, because it controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. Much of which make up the soft body organs, the viseral.

Front 88

Biofeedback

Back 88

People can control involuntary functions, such as B/P, heart rate, breathing, by this technique.

Front 89

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems

Back 89

Are subdivisions of the Automatic Nervous system.

Front 90

Bundles of fibers located within the PNS

Back 90

Nerve

Front 91

Tract

Back 91

A similar grouping, (bundle of nerves) but located within the CNS.

Front 92

Sensory Neurons, also called Afferent neurons

Back 92

Neurons that conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain.

Front 93

Motor Neurons, also called efferent neurons

Back 93

those cells that carry impulses from the CNS out to muscles and glands.

Front 94

interneurons, also called central or association neurons

Back 94

neurons that relay information within the CNS

Front 95

Sensory (afferent) Nerves

Back 95

Cranial nerves contain only sensory fibers conducting impulses toward the brain.

Front 96

Motor (Efferent) Nerves

Back 96

A few of the cranial nerves contain only motor fibers conducting impulses away from the brain.

Front 97

Mixed Nerves

Back 97

Most of the cranial nerves and ALL of the spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers.

Front 98

Effector

Back 98

any tissue or organ that carries out a command from the nervous system. All of which are muscles and glands.

Front 99

Somatic nervous system

Back 99

is controlled voluntarily (by conscious will) and all its effectors are skeletal muslces.

Front 100

Autonomic nervous system (ANS), also called the viseral nervous system.

Back 100

the involuntary division of the nervous system making refernce to its automatic activity.Also called the viseral nervous system because it controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, much of which make up the soft body orders, the viscera.

Front 101

Neurons

Back 101

the functional cells of the nervous system that are highly specialized cells. these cells have a unique structure related to their function.

Front 102

Cell body

Back 102

The main portion of each neuron, contains the nucleus and other organelles typically found in cells.

Front 103

Dendrites (Nerve Fiber)

Back 103

Threadlike fiber that extend out from the cell body and carry impulses across the cell. Dendrites function as receptors in the nervous system, they receive the stimulus that begins a neural pathway.

Front 104

Axons (Nerve Fiber)

Back 104

are neuron fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body. These impulses may be delivered to a muscle, another neuron or to a gland. An Axon is a single fiber, which may be quite long and which branches at its ends.

Front 105

Nodes (originaly, Nodes of Ranvier)

Back 105

When the sheath is complete, small spaces remain between the individual cells, these gaps are called nodes.

Front 106

Neurilemma

Back 106

The outermost membranes fo the Schwann cells that form a thin coating.

Front 107

Sensory neurons, also called Afferent neurons

Back 107

Are neurons that conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain.

Front 108

Motot neurons also called Efferent neurons

Back 108

those cells that carry impulses from the CNS out to muslcles and glands.

Front 109

Terneurons, also called central or associated neurons

Back 109

Neurons that relay information wihin in the CNS

Front 110

Neuroglia

Back 110

Cells that serve for support and protection. there are different types of neuroglia, each with specialized functions.
Protective
Support nervous tissue and bind it to other structures
Aid in repair of cells
Act as phagocytes to remove pathogens and impurities
regulate the composition of fluids around and between the cells.

Front 111

The Reflex Arc

Back 111

as the nervous system fuctions, it receives, interprets, and acts on both external and internal stimuli. The spinal cord is also a relay center for coordinating neural pathways. A complete pathway through the nervous system from stimulus response is termed reflex arc. The basic parts of the reflex arc is the receptor, sensory neuron, central nervous system, motor neuron, and effector.

Front 112

Receptor (basic part of a reflex arc)

Back 112

End of a dendrite or specialized cell that responds to a stimulus.

Front 113

Sensory Neuron (basic part of a reflex arc)

Back 113

Transmits a nerve impulse toward the CNS.

Front 114

Central Nervous System (basic part of a reflex arc)

Back 114

Coordinates sensory impulses and organizes a response, usually requires interneurons.

Front 115

Motor Neuron (basic part of a reflex arc)

Back 115

Carries impulses away from the CNS toward the effector, a muscle, or a gland.

Front 116

Effector (basic part of a reflex arc)

Back 116

A muscle or gland outside the CNS that carries our a response.

Front 117

Neurotransmitters (the main ones)

Back 117

epinephrine, also called (adrenaline), norepinphrine, or (noradrenaline), and acetylcholine.

Front 118

Dorsal Horns and Ventral Horns

Back 118

the internal gray matter is arranged so that a column of gray matter extends up and down dorsally, on on each side, another column is dound in the ventral region on each side. These 2 columns give the H shaped appearance in cross section.

Front 119

Gray Commissure

Back 119

the bridge of gray matter that connect the right and left horms.

Front 120

Central Canal

Back 120

in the center of the Gray Commissure is a small channel that contains cerebrospinal fluid, the liquid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord.

Front 121

Posterior Median Sulcus

Back 121

A narrow groove, divides the right and left portions of the posterior white matter.

Front 122

Anterior Median Fissure

Back 122

A deeper groove, seperates the left and right protions of the anterior white matter.

Front 123

Asending Tracts

Back 123

Sensory (Afferent) impulses entering the spinal cord are transmitting toward the brain in acending tracts of the white matter.

Front 124

Descending Tracts

Back 124

Motor, (Efferent) impules traveling from the brain are carried in descending tracts toward the peripheral nervous system.

Front 125

Spinal Reflex

Back 125

a simple reflex arc that passes through the spinal cord alone and does not involve the brain.

Front 126

Simple Reflex

Back 126

is a rapid, uncomplicated, and automatic response involving very few neurons.

Front 127

Stretch Reflex

Back 127

is which a muscle is stretched and responds by contrating.

Front 128

monoplegia

Back 128

paralysis of one limb

Front 129

Diplegia

Back 129

paralysis of both upper and lower limbs

Front 130

Paraplegia

Back 130

Paralysis of lower limbs

Front 131

Hemiplegia

Back 131

Paralysis of one side of the body

Front 132

Tetraplegia or quadriplegia

Back 132

paralysis of all four limbs.

Front 133

Plexuses

Back 133

each spinal nerve continues only a short distance away from the spinal cord and then branches into small posterior divisions and larger divisions. the larger anterior branches interlace to form networks called plexuses, which then distribute branches to all parts of the body.

Front 134

Cervical Plexus

Back 134

supplies motor impulses to the muscle of the neck and receives sensory impulses from the neck and the back of the head. The phrenic nerve which activates the diaphragm, arises from this plexus.

Front 135

Brachia Plexus

Back 135

sends nemerous branches to the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. the Radial nerve emerges from the brachial plexus.

Front 136

Lumbosacral plexus

Back 136

supplies nerves to the pelvis and legs. the largest branch in this plexus is the sciatic nerve, which leaves the dorsal part of the pelvis, passes beneath the gluteus maxumus muscle, and extends down the back of the thigh. At the beginning it is nearly 1 inch thick, but it soon branches to the thigh muscles, near the knee, it forms two subdivsions that supply the leg and the foot.

Front 137

Deratomes

Back 137

is a region of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.

Front 138

Peripheral Neuritis, or peripheral neurophathy

Back 138

ia the degenration of nerves supplying the distal areas of the extremities. It affects sensory and motor function, causing symptoms of pain and paralysis. Causes include chronic intoxication, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases (Vit.defiecncy, starvation.

Front 139

Sciatica

Back 139

Is a form of peripheral neuritis characterized by serve pain along the sciatic nerve and its branches. The most common cause are rupture of a disk between the lower lumbar vertebrae and arthritis of the lower part of the spinal column.

Front 140

Herpes Zoster

Back 140

commonly known as shingles, is characterized by numerous blisters along the course of certain nerves, which are branches of the thoracic spinal nerves in the waist area.

Front 141

Guillain Barre Syndrome

Back 141

is classified as a polyneuropathy. A disorder involving many nerves. This is progressive muscle weakness due to the loss of myelin, with numbness and paralysis, which may involve the breathing muscles. The cause is unknown, but it is often followed by viral infections.

Front 142

Cholinergic

Back 142

A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. Cholinergic means "related to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine," and is typically used in a neurological perspective. The parasympathetic nervous system is entirely cholinergic. Neuromuscular junctions, preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, the basal forebrain, and brain stem complexes are also cholinergic.

Front 143

Cerebrum

Back 143

is the largest part of the brain. It is divided into right and left cerbral hemispheres by a deep grove called the longitudinal fissure. Each hemishphere is futher subdivided into lobes.

Front 144

Diencephalon

Back 144

is the area between the cerbral hemisheres and the brain stem. It includes the Thalmus and the Hypothalmus.

Front 145

Brain Stem

Back 145

connects the cerbrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord. The superior portion of the brain stem is the midbrain. Inferior to the midbrain is the pons, followed by the medulla oblongata.

Front 146

Pons

Back 146

connects the midbrain with the medulla, whereas the medulla connects the brain with the spinal cord through a large opening in the base of the skull (foramen magnum).

Front 147

Cerebellum (little brain)

Back 147

is located immediately below the posterior part of the cerebral hemisheres and is connected with the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord by means of the pons. This word means little brain.

Front 148

Meninges

Back 148

are three layers of connective tissue that surround both the brain and the spinal cord to form a complete enclosure.

Front 149

Dura Mater (Meninges)

Back 149

Is the outermost of these membranes, its is the thickest and the toughest of the meninges. around the brain the dura mater is in 2 layers, the outer layer is fused to the bones of the cranium. In certain places, these two layers separate to provide venous channels, called dural sinuses, for the drainage of blood coming from the brain tissue.

Front 150

Arachnoid (meninges) middle layer

Back 150

this membrane is loosely attached to the deepest of the meninges by a weblike fibers, allowing a space for the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the two membranes.

Front 151

Pia Mater, (Meninges) innermost layer

Back 151

is attached to the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord and follows all the contours of these stuctures. it is made of a delicate connective tissue. It holds blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the brain and spinal cord.

Front 152

Dural Sinus

Back 152

Venous channels between the two outermost meninges

Front 153

Arachnoid Villi

Back 153

the area in which cerebrospinal fluid collects before its return to the blood

Front 154

Choroid Plexus

Back 154

The vascular network in the ventricle that forms cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 155

Cerebral Hemisheres

Back 155

each cerebral hemishere is divided into 4 visible lobes named for the overlying cranial bones. Frontal, Partiel, Temporal, and Occipital Lobes. In addition there is a small 5th lobe deep within each hemishere that cannot be seen from the surface, not much is known of this lobe (Insula).

Front 156

Cerbebral Cortex

Back 156

is the outer nervous tissue of the cerberal hemisheres is the gray matter that makes up the cerebral cortex.

Front 157

Central Sulcus

Back 157

which lies between the frontal and the partietal lobes of each hemishere at right angles to the longitudinal fissure.

Front 158

Lateral Sulcus

Back 158

which curves along the side of each hemishere and seperates the temporal lobe from the frontal and paretal lobes.

Front 159

Basal Ganglia

Back 159

Are masses of gray matter deep within the cerbrum that help regulate body movement and the muscles of facial expression.

Front 160

Gyrus

Back 160

an elevated protion of the cerbral cortex.

Front 161

internal capsule

Back 161

a band of white matter that carries impulses between the cerbrum and the brain stem

Front 162

Cortex

Back 162

the thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerbrum

Front 163

corpus collosum

Back 163

a band of myelinated fibers that bridges the two cerbral hemisheres.

Front 164

the role of the thalmus

Back 164

the two parts of the thalmus form the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle. Nearly all sensory impulses travel through the masses of gray matter that form the thalmus. The role fo the thalmus is to sort out impulses and direct them to particular areas of the cerbral cortex.

Front 165

contralateral

Back 165

controls the opposite side. The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body, the left side controls the right side.

Front 166

three subdivsion of the brain stem

Back 166

the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

Front 167

Some functions of the Cerebellum

Back 167

help coordinate voluntary muscles to ensure smooth orderly function. help maintain in balance, sitting, standing, walking, messages from the inner ear and from sensory receptors in tendons and muscles, help maintain muscle tone so that all muscle fibers are slightly tensed and ready to produce changes in position as quickly as possible.

Front 168

Encephalon

Back 168

Scientific name for the brain

Front 169

Encephalitis

Back 169

Inflammation of the brain

Front 170

Epilepsy

Back 170

A chronic brain disorder that can usually be diagnosed by electroencephalography, (EEG).

Front 171

Hydrocephalus

Back 171

A condition that may result from obstruction of the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 172

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Back 172

Damage to the brain tissue caused by a blood clot, ruptured vessel, or embolism.

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Expressive Aphasia

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the ability to speak or write

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Receptive Aphasia

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The ability to understand written or spoken language

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glioma

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a brain tumor derived from neuroglia

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Alzheimer Disease

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A dengeneration brain disorder associated with the development of amyloid

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amyloid

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an abnormal protein, and a tangling of neuron fibers that prevents communication between cells

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multi infarct dementia

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represents the accumulation of brain damage resulting from chronic ischemia (lack of blood supply) such as would be caused by a series of small stokes