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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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all organisms are composed of...
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cells and cell products
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the cell is the simplest...
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structural an functional unit of life.
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an organism's structure and all of its funcitons are due to...
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the activities of its cells.
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all cells come only from...
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pre-existing cells, not from nonliving matter.
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because of common ancestry, cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in their..
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chemical and metabolic mechanisms.
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squamous cells are....
cuboidal cells are... columnar cells are... |
flat and thin.
cube-shaped. column shaped. |
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the membrane lipids are...
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the phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids.
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phospholipids are
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oriented with the hydrophilic phosphate-containing heads out and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails to the inside
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cholesterol is..
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a component of the plasma membrane and lends stability to the membrane.
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glycolipids (lipids that have a carbohydrae attached) appear only...
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on the exterior of the membrane.
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membrane proteins...
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can span or cross the membrane (integral or transmembrane proteins) or lie on one side of the membrane (peripheral proteins)
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glycocalyx..
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consists of carbohydrates attached to membrane lipids (glycolipids) and membrane proteins (glycoproteins)
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microvilli...
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are fingerlike extensions
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cilia...
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are hair like extensions
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flagella...
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is a long, whiplike structure.
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nucleus
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houses the DNA
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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is the site of protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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read instructions for protein synthesis
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golgi complex
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receives proteins from rough endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them and package them
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lysosome
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is package of hydrolytic enzymes that digest things
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peroxisome
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detoxifies alcohol and other drugs and neutralizes free radicals
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mitchondria
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is the site of ATP production
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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detoxifies drugs and alcohol
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centrioles
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function in cell division
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cytoskeleton
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is a collection of protein filaments and cylinders that helps support the cell, organize and moves its contents, and helps the whole cell move.
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three things in the cytoskeleton
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microfilaments
intermediate filaments microtubule |
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cytoplasm
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is the contents of a cell between its plasma membrane and its nuclear envelope, consisting of cytosol, organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeleton.
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passive mechanisms
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filtration
simple diffusion osmosis faciliated diffusion |
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filtration
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is the process whereby particles are driven through the selectively permeable membrane of the cell by hydrostatic pressure.
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simple diffusion
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involves the movement of particles from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration.
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osmosis
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is a special case of diffusion involving water movement from an area of greater water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration
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tonicity
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is the ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell
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hypotonic solutions are
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more dilute (less solutes) than intracellular fluid
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hypertonic solutions are
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more concentrated (more solutes than intracellujlar fluid)
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isotonic solutions
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contain the same quantities of solute as intracellular fluid.
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faciliated diffusion
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is the movement of a solute down a concentration gradient with the help of a carrier protein
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active transport
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uses energy to move soltues up their concentration gradients (from area of lesser concentration to area of greater concentration)
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how many steps in active transport and what are they?
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four...
1 solute binds to carrier 2 carrier hydrolyzes ATP 3 carrier undergoes conformation change 4 carrier releases ligand on other side of membrane and returns to original shape |
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symport system can
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move more than one solute in the same direction at the same time.
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antiport system
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transports two solutes in opposite directions (example is the sodium potassium pump).
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exocytosis is
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the expulsion of material from the cell
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endocytosis is
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the movement of material into the cell.
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phagocytosis is
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the process of "cell eating"
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pinocytosis is
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cell drinking
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histones
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serves spools that protect and organize the DNA
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nucleic acids are
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composed of monomers called nucleotides
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each nucleotides is compsoed of
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a monosaccharide, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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nitrogenous bases are found in
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nucleic acids
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pyrimidine bases
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cytosine, thymine, and uracil
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purine bases
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adenine and guanine
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DNA structure
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it is a double stranded molecule ,
the monosaccharide (deoxyribose), and the bases form paris according to the law of complimentary base pairing; |
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DNA contains the bases
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adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine; adenine always paris with thymine; guanine always pairs with cytosin.
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DNA function
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serves as a code for the structure of the proteins produced within the cell;
a gene is sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein(s). |
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RNA structure, function and types:
Structure.. |
it is a single stran of nucleotides, with the base uracil instead of thymine and with the sugar ribose
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RNA structure, function and types:
3 types.. and explain each.. |
1. messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the DNA stran and carries it to the cytoplasm to a ribosome.
2. transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers the correct amino acid to the ribosome. 3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosome. |
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genetic code
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is the system in which four nucleotides (nitrogenous bases) code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins.
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transcription
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is the process whereby mRNA makes a copy of the DNA with the aid of RNA polymerase (an enzyme)
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translation
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is the process whereby the message in the mRNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids that will comprise a protein
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DNA replication
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is a semi-conservative process in which a copy of the DNA molecule is produced (DNA to DNA)
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mutations are
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any changes that occur in the DNA structure; mutations can have no effect or serious effects
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cell cycle (interphase)
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period of activity before a cell undergoes mitosis
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types of cell division
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mitosis and meiosis
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mitosis
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occurs in somatic cells (all cells of body except sex cells)
produces new cell (daughter) that have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell (parent0 |
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prophase
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chromatin condenses into chromosomes that are duplicated DNA (sister chromatids) held together at the centromere; nuclear envelope disappears
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metaphase
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chromosomes aligned at equator of cell
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anaphase
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centromere is pulled apart, and daughter chromosomes are pulled toward opposite poles of cell
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telophase
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nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomesp; and cytokinesis occurs (a cleavage furrow forms between the two nucleuses)
*two cells with the same number of chromosomes are produced form one cell |
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meiosis
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occurs in sex cells and reduces the chromosome number by 1/2
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phases of meiosis II
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are identical to the phases of mitosis; results in 4 cells with 1/2 chromosome number
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cancer
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is abnormal cell growth; may be benign or malignant;
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cancer
malignant growths are |
deadly because they tend to metastasize (spread)
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cancer carcinogens are
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substances that cause cancer
Mom note: one of those substances is cigarettes!!! |
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heredity
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is the transmission of genetic traits from one generation to the next
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karyotype
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is a chart of the chromosomes
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genes
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the actual genes make up their genotype
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outward expression of the genes is
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the phenotype
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