A&p

Front 1

List the four main types of tissues found in the body

Back 1

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Front 2

macrophage

Back 2

large phagocytic connective tissue cell taht functions in immune responses; name given to a monocyte after it leaves the blood and enters tissues

Front 3

Describe the structure and location of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Back 3

Single layer of cuboidal cells located in the ovaries, thyroid gland, kidney tubules, pancreas, and salivary glands

Front 4

serous membranes

Back 4

epithelial membranes; line the closed body cavities and cover the organs within those cavities; secrete a serous fluid between the parietal and visceral layers

Front 5

Describe the structure, location, and function of simple squamos epithelial tissue

Back 5

Single layer of thin, flat cells located in the alveoli of the lungs, capillry walls, and kidneys; well suited for diffusion and filtration

Front 6

pivot

Back 6

rounded or conical surface of one bone fits into a ring of bone or tendon; rotation; joint betweent he atlas and axis, proximal radioulnar joint

Front 7

gliding

Back 7

flat or slightly curved surfaces are moving against each other; sliding or twisting without circular movement; bewteen the carpals in the wrist and between the tarsals in the ankle

Front 8

summary of blood connective tissue

Back 8

liquid matrix called plasma with erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in it; transports oxygen, protects against disease, functions in the clotting mechanism; blood vessels and heart

Front 9

identify the general structural features of vertebrae

Back 9

thick anterior, weight-bearing portion is the body or centrum; posterior curved portion is the vertebral arch; vertebral arch and body surround a central large opening, the vertebral foramen; transverse processes project laterally from teh vertebral arch, and in the posterior midline there is a spinous process

Front 10

Summary of dense fibrous connective tissues

Back 10

matrix filled ith parallel bundles of collagenous fibers; binds structures together; tendons and ligaments

Front 11

osteocyte

Back 11

mature bone cell

Front 12

compare cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacaral, and coccygeal vertebrae; state the number of each type

Back 12

7 cervical: have transverse foramina and spinous processes are forked or bifid; 12 thoracic: have facets located on the bodies and transverse processes for articulation with ribs; 5 lumbar: large, heavy bodies & short, blunt spinous processes; Sacrum: five sacral vertebrae (child) fuse into one sacrum (adult); Coccyx: tailbone (3-5 coccygeal vert. fuse into one coccyx)

Front 13

synovial membranes

Back 13

connective tissue membranes that line joint cavities and secrete synovial fluid for lubrication

Front 14

summary of hyaline cartilage connective tissue

Back 14

solid matrix with fibers and scattered cells; chondrocytes located in lacunae; supports protects, provides a framework; ends of long bones, connects ribs to sternum, tracheal rings, fetal skeleton

Front 15

summary of skeletal muscle tissue

Back 15

attached to bones; produces body movement; cylindrical cell shape; many peripherally located nuclei; striations; voluntary control

Front 16

Describe the structure and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

Back 16

Single layer of uneven columnar cells; often contains cilia and goblet cells; found in respiratory tract, and tubes of reproductive system

Front 17

identify the structural features of the ribs and the sternum

Back 17

the sternum forms the anterior portion of the thoracic cage; consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process; there are 7 pair of vertebrosternal (true) ribs; 3 pairs of vertebrochondral ribs reach sternum indirectly (false); 2 pairs of vertebral, or floating, ribs (also false)

Front 18

describe the general characteristics of connective tissues

Back 18

have an abundance of intercellular matrix with relatively few cells; are able to reproduce

Front 19

discuss three factors that influence skin color

Back 19

basic skin color is due to the dark pigment melanin produced by the melanocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis; activity of the melanocytes is genetically controlled; a large number of melanin granules results in dark skin, fewer granules: lighter skin

Front 20

Name the supporting layer of the skin and describe it's structure

Back 20

Subcutaneous layer; aka hypodermis or superficial fascia; anchors the skin to underlying organs; consists largely of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue; adipose tissue acts as a cushion and as a heat insulator and can be used as an energy source

Front 21

Summary of fibrocartilage connective tissue

Back 21

numerous collagenous fibers in matrix; cushions and protects; intervertebral disks, pads in knee joint, pad between two pubic bones

Front 22

summary of osseous (bone) connective tissue

Back 22

hard matrix with mineral salts; matrix arranged in lamellae around haversian canal; osteocytes in lacunae; protects, supports, provides framework; bones of the skeleton

Front 23

neuroglia

Back 23

supporting cells of nervous tissue; cells in nervous tissue that do not conduct impulses

Front 24

Describe the structure, function, and location of transitional epithelial tissue

Back 24

Specialized for stretching; several layers that decrease in number and cells that become thinner when distended; located in the urinary bladder

Front 25

identify the features of the pelvic girdle

Back 25

2 ossa coxae, or innominate bones, form the pelvic girdle; each os coxae is formed byt he ilium, ischium, and pubis, which meet and fuse in the acetabulum; they meet anteriorly at the sympysis pubis; flase pelvis: region between flared portions of the ilium bones; true pelvis: region below the pelvic brim

Front 26

Description and and example of merocrine secretion mode

Back 26

fluid released through cell membrane; no cytoplasm lost: salivary glands, pancreatic glands, certain sweat glands

Front 27

collagenous fibers

Back 27

composed fo the protein collagen; are strong and flexible but are only slightly elastic; also called white fibers

Front 28

Mucous membranes

Back 28

epithelial membrane; secrete mucus and line body cavities that open to the exterior

Front 29

distinguish betweent the axial and appendicular skeletons and state the number of bones in each

Back 29

the 80 bones of the axial skeleton form the vertical axis of the body; the appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones and includes the free appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton

Front 30

arrector pili

Back 30

a bundle of smooth muscle cells associated with hair that contract in response to cold and fear; gives you "goose bumps"

Front 31

describe the structure of the two layers of the skin

Back 31

epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium; in thick skin there are five distinct regions, but in theinner regions there are only four layers; outer layer of skin dermis: thicker than the epidermis, is connective tissue with hairs, nails, glands, fibers, sense receptors, blood vessels, and nerves embedded in it

Front 32

saddle

Back 32

articulating surfaces of both bones have concave and convex regions; shapes of the two bones complementary to each other; permits wide range of movement; carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is the only saddle joint in the body

Front 33

neuron

Back 33

nerve cell, including its processes; conducting cell of nervous tissue

Front 34

osteoblast

Back 34

bone forming cell

Front 35

describe the structure of nails and their relationship to the skin

Back 35

Nails are thin plates of keratinized stratum corneum. They are derived from the stratum basale in the nail bed.

Front 36

atlas

Back 36

C1 vertebrae, has no body, no spinous process, and short transverse processe

Front 37

summary of adipose connective tissues

Back 37

cells are filled with fat droplets so taht nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery; little intercellular matrix; cushions, insulates, sores energy; beneath the skin, around the kidneys, heart, eyeballs

Front 38

epiphyseal plate

Back 38

the cartilaginous plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a bone; responsible for the lengthwise growth of a long bone

Front 39

Describe the structure, function, and location of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Back 39

Several layers with flat cells at the free surface located in skin, mouth, vagina, and anus; primary function is protection

Front 40

hinge

Back 40

convex projection of one bone fits into concave depression in another; permits flexion and extension only; elbow and knee joints

Front 41

osteonic canal

Back 41

central canal in an osteon, contains blood vessels and nerves; also called haversian canal

Front 42

diarthrosis

Back 42

freely movable joint characterized by a joint cavity; also called a synovial joint

Front 43

distinguish between compact and spongy bone on the basis of structural features

Back 43

compact bone consists of closely packed osteons, or haversian systems; spongy bone consists of plates of bone, called trabeculae, around irregular spaces that contain red bone marrow

Front 44

identify the general features of a long bone

Back 44

shaft called the diaphysis: relatively thick compact bone that surrounds a hollow space called the medullary cavity:contains yellow bone marrow in adults; expanded portion at each end: epiphysis: spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone; end covered by hyaline cartilage: articular cartilage; perisoteum: fibrous con. tissue membrane covers outer surface

Front 45

identify the features of the pectoral girdle and upper extremity

Back 45

2 clavicles (collarbone) and 2 scapula (shoulder blade) make up the pectoral girdle; humerus: region between the shoulder and elbow; radius: lateral side of region between the elbow and wrist; Ulna: medial side; hand: 8 carpal bones (wrist), 5 metacarpal (palm), 14 phalanges (fingers)

Front 46

discuss four functions of the integumentary system

Back 46

protects against water loss, ultraviolet light, invading organisms, and other injuries; sense receptors in the skin detect info. about the environment; regulates body temp. through constriction and dilation of blood vessels, sweat gland activity, and insulating adipose tissue; synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet light

Front 47

summary of elastic connective tissues

Back 47

matrix filled with yellow elastic fibers; elasticity; vocal cords and ligaments between adjacent vertebrae

Front 48

meninges

Back 48

around the brain and spinal cord; provide protection; dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Front 49

osteon

Back 49

structural unit of bone; haversian system

Front 50

summary of elastic cartilage connective tissue

Back 50

numerous elastic fibers in matrix; supports and provides framework; external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes

Front 51

axis

Back 51

C2 vertebrae has a dens, or odontoid process, that projects upward from the vertebral body like a tooth; acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas

Front 52

amphiarthrosis

Back 52

a slightly movable joint

Front 53

summary of smooth muscle tissue

Back 53

located in walls of internal organs and blood vessels; contracts viscera and blood vessels; sindle shaped cells with tapered ends; one centrally located nucleus; involuntary control

Front 54

Structure, method of secretion, and example of exocrine glands

Back 54

Unicellular exocrine glands are goblet cells that produce mucus in the lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts; Simple gland: duct has no branches, compound: branches; Tubular: gland and duct merge with no change in diameter, Acinar/alveolar: distal part of the duct expands to form a saclike structure

Front 55

Describe the structure, location and function of simple columnar epithelium

Back 55

Single layer of tall cells; often contains goblet cells; found in stomach and intestines; offers some protection to underlying tissues

Front 56

keratinization

Back 56

process by which cells of the epidermis become filled with keratin and move to the surface where they are sloughed off

Front 57

summary of cardiac muscle tissue

Back 57

lcated in the heart; pumps blood through the heart and blood vessels; cell shape: cylindrical, branching, intercalated disks join cells together end to end; one, centrally located nucleus; striations; involuntary control

Front 58

elastic fibers

Back 58

composed of the protein elastin; are not very strong, but they are elastic; also called yellow fibers

Front 59

chondrocyte

Back 59

cartilage cell

Front 60

sudoriferous gland

Back 60

a gland in the skin that produces perspiration; aka sweat gland

Front 61

mast cell

Back 61

a connective tissue cell that produces heparin and histamine; the name given to a basophil after it leaves the blood and enters the tissues

Front 62

Description and example of Apocrine secretion mode

Back 62

Portion of cell is pinched off with the secretion; mammary glands and certain sweat glands

Front 63

osteoclast

Back 63

cell that destroys or resorbs bone tissue

Front 64

identify the feature of the lower extremity

Back 64

femur: region from hip to knee; fibula: lateral side of region between knee and ankle; tibia: medial side: aka shin bone: larger, weight bearing; patella: kneecap; 7 tarsal bones (ankle): largest is calcaneus (heel bone); 5 metatarsal (instep of foot); 14 phalanges (toes)

Front 65

ball-and-socket

Back 65

ball-shaped end of one bone fits into cup-shaped socket of another; permits widest range of movement in all planes, including rotation; shoulder, hip

Front 66

describe the structure of hair and its relationship to the skin

Back 66

The central core of hair is the medulla, which is surrounded byt he cortex and the cuticle. Hair is divided into the shaft, which is visible, and the root, which is embedded in the skin and surrounded by the hair follicle. The distal end of the hair follicle expands to form a bulb around a central papilla. Stratum basale cells in the bulb undergo mitosis to form hair.

Front 67

condyloid

Back 67

oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another; angular motion but not rotation; occipital condyles with atlas; metacarpals and metatarsals with phalanges

Front 68

histology

Back 68

branch of microscopic anatomy that studies tissues

Front 69

classify bones according to size and shape

Back 69

short bones are roughly cube shaped, consist primarily of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone; flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved--two layers of compact bone with middle layer of spongy bone called the diploe, found in skull; long bones are longer than they aqre wide; other bones are considered irregular

Front 70

discuss the characteristics and functions of the various glands associated with the skin

Back 70

sebaceous glands are oil glands associated with hair follicles; They secrete sebum to keep hair & skin soft & pliable. Merocrine sweat glands open to the surface of the skin through sweat pores. Apocrine sweat glands, limited to the axillae and external genitalia, open into hair follicles. Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands in ear canal.

Front 71

discuss five functions of the skeletal system

Back 71

support, protection, movement, storage (calcium, other inorganic ions, fat); blood cell formation

Front 72

fibroblast

Back 72

connective tissue cell that produces fibers

Front 73

Description and example of holocrine secretion mode

Back 73

entire cell discharged with secretion: sebaceous (oil) glands

Front 74

synarthrosis

Back 74

an immovable joint; ex. sutures in the skull

Front 75

Summary of loose (areolar) connective tissue

Back 75

collagenous and elastic fibers produced by fibroblasts are embedded in a gel-like matrix; binds organs together; beneath the skin, between muscles

Front 76

melanin

Back 76

a dark brown or black pigment found in parts of the body, especially skin and hair

Front 77

ossification

Back 77

formation of bone; also called osteogenesis

Front 78

discuss the process by which bones develop and grow

Back 78

intramembranous ossification (uses a connective tissue membrane; occurs in the skull); endochondral ossification (uses a hyaline cartilage model; occurs in all other bones; epiphyseal plate is growth region); both types use osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts; appositional growth increases diameter instead of length

Front 79

identify the bones of the skull

Back 79

Cranial bones: parietal (2), temporal (2), frontal (1), occipital (1), ethmoid (1), sphenoid (1)
Facial bones: Maxilla (2), zygomatic (2), mandible (1), nasal (2), Palatine (2), inferior nasal concha (2), lacrimal (2), vomer (1)
Auditory ossicles: malleus (2), incus (2), stapes (2)