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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do we define respiration?
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by processes
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What are the processes that define respiration?
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ventilation, gas diffusion, gas transport, regulation of breathing
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What are the functions of the respiratory system?
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gas exchange and non-gas exchange fxns
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What are the gas exchange functions of the respiratory system?
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delivery of O2, elimination of CO2, regulation of H+/OH- balance
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What is the major acid elimination system in the body?
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respiratory system
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How do the lungs eliminate acid?
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CO2 released into atmosphere, H2CO3 formed in tissues by changing balance of reaction
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What is the ratio of elimination of lungs to kidneys in acid elimination?
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200:1 mEq / day
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What is qualitiatively more important in acid elimination?
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kidneys.
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What is quantitatively more important in acid elimination?
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lungs.
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What kind of acids do kidneys eliminate?
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non-volatile (fixed) acids
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what kind of acids do lungs eliminate?
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volatile (carbonic) acid
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What are the nongaseous exchange functions of the respiratory system/lungs?
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aids in venous return, blood resevoir, blood filter, role in blood clotting, possess protective/defensive mechanisms, metabolize chemicals
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What are the levels of metabolic activity of the lungs/
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can activate, inactivate, or have no effect on vasoactive chemicals
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What do the lungs metabolically inactivate?
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bradykinin (90%), serotonin (90%), norepinephrine (30%)
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What do the lungs metabolically activate?
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angiotensin II by converting A1 to A2 through dipeptide hydrolase
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What enzyme in the lung affects bradykinin and angiotensin 1?
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ACE aka dipeptide hydrolase
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The lungs have little or no effect on what?
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vasopressin (ADH, 0%), histamine (0%), and Epi (5%)
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What is the function of the defenses of the respiratory system?
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to protect body against harmful airborne agents (particulate matter, microorganisms, noxious gases)
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What are the structures, substances, and mechanisms involved in defending the respiratory system?
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nasal hairs, nasal chonchae, venous sinus plexus, mucus, cilia, alvolar macrophages, AAT, respiratory lymph nodes, tonsils, cough reflex, sneeze reflex, parasympathetic innervation of airways, laryngeal muscles
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What in the vestibule of the nose serves as a large filter?
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nasal hairs
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What facilitates the impaction of airborne materials?
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nasal conchae/turbinates
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What warms the air quickly to body temp in the nose?
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venous sinus plexus
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what is the advantage of warming the air quickly in the nose?
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cilia work better, air bubbles not formed in extreme conditions
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what exists as a double layer in the respiratory tract?
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mucus
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What has a gel and sol layer?
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mucus
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What is the gel layer of mucus?
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outer, thick layer
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What is the sol layer of mucus?
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inner, thin layer
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What are the three major functions of mucus?
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humidify air, act as a filter, destroy harmful agents
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How does mucus act as a filter?
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particle deposition
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What are the methods of particle deposition?
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impaction, sedimentation, diffusion
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Particles >5um are filtered using this method of particle deposition
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impaction
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This particle deposion occurs in the nasal cavity, pharynx, and carina of trachea
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impaction
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Particles from 1 to 5 um are filtered this way
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sedimentation
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Where does impaction occur?
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nasal cavity, pharynx, and carina
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where does sedimentation occur?
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terminal and respiratory bronchioles
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What particle deposition occurs in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles?
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sedimentation
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This filtration occurs with particles > 1 um
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diffusion (brownian motion)
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Where does diffusion filtration occur?
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in the alveoli
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Impaction occurs with what sized particles?
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> 5 um
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Sedimentation occurs with what sized particles?
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1 to 5 um
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Diffusion filtration occurs with what sized particles?
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< 0.1 um
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What filtration occurs in the alveoli?
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diffusion (brownian motion)
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Particles from 0.1 um to 1 um are filtered this way
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exhaled with each breath
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Mucus uses these substances to destroy harmful agents
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immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysosomes, interferon
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These chemicals found in mucus have antiviral AND antibacterial activity
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immunoglobulin A (igA)
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These substances found in the mucus have bacteriostatic activity
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lactoferrin
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these substances found in the mucus have bacteriocidal activity
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lysozomes
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these substances found in the mucus have antiviral activity
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interferons
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What is the activity of immunoglobulins in the mucus?
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antiviral and antibacterial
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what is the activity of lactoferrin in the mucus?
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bacteriostatic
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what is the activity of lysozomes in the mucus?
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bacteriocidal
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what is the activity of interferons in the mucus?
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antiviral
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What transports mucus & contaminants towards the oropharynx to be expelled or swallowed?
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cilia
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What are the phases of the cilia?
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rapid forward stroke and slow recovery phase
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What factors inhibit the beating of the cilia?
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inhaled anesthetics, cold air, dry air, cigarette smoke, ETT
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What are the functions of alveolar macrophages?
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removal of foreign debris and destruction of bacteria
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What is alveolar macrophage function inhibited by?
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cigarette smoke and low alveolar oxygen
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What inhibits proteolytic enzymes in the lungs?
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alpha-1 antytrypsin (AAT or alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor)
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What is the ratio of patients with emphysema that have AAT deficiency?
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1 to 46
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What are the phases of the valsalva maneuver during a cough?
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inspiration & glottis closure, contraction of expiratory muscles, airway opening
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Cough is a result of irritation of what area?
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bronchi, larynx, trachea
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Sneeze is a result of irritation of what area?
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nasal cavity and nasopharynx
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What is the benefit of PSNS activation in airway?
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increase likelihood of impaction, increases resistance to airflow (irritant might not get as far down)
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What are factors leading to laryngeal spasms?
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direct stimulation, reflex stimulation, low ECF calcium (tetany)
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What are two ways to measure Lung volumes and capacities?
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spirometer and plethysmograph
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What are four lung volumes?
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tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual volumes
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what is the volume of air that is inhaled OR exhaled with each breath?
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tidal volume
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what are some ways to determine TV?
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10% TLC, 3cc/lb of IBW, 4cc/lb of IBW on vent, 10cc/kg IBW (high), or 8cc/kg IBW
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What is the volume of a sigh?
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1.5 x TV
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What is the maximal volume of air that can be inhaled following a normal passive inspiration?
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inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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IRV = ______
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3000 mL or 50% TLC
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Define IRV
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inspiratory reserve volume is maximal volume of air that can be inhaled following a normal passive inspiration
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What is the max volume of air forcefully exhaled following a normal passive exhalation?
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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ERV = ______
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1200 mL or 20% TV
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Define ERV.
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expiratory reserve volume is the max volume of air forcefully exhaled following a normal passive exhalation
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What is the volume of air remaining in lungs following maximal forced expiration?
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residual volume (RV)
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RV = ______
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1200 mL or 20% TV
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Define residual volume.
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volume of air remaining in lungs following maximal forced expiration
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can you measure residual volume?
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no
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Which lung volume can you not measure?
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residual volume
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Which lung volume can you measure?
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TV, IRV, and ERV
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What are the lung capacities?
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total lung capacity (TLC), inspiratory capacity (IC), vital capacity (VC) including EVC and IVC, functional residual capacity (FRC)
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What is the volume of air in the lungs following a maximal inhalation?
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total lung capacity (TLC)
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Define total lung capacity (TLC).
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volume of air in the lungs following a maximal inhalation
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TLC = ______
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IRV + TV + ERV + RV = 6000mL
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6000 mL = IRV + TV + ERV + RV = ______
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TLC
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Why can't the TLC be directly measure?
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RV cannot be measured
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What is the maximal volume of air that can be inhaled following a normal passive exhalation?
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inspiratory capacity (IC)
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Define inspiratory capacity (IC).
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maximal volume of air that can be inhaled following a normal passive exhalation
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IC = ______
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TV + IRV = 3500 mL or 60% TLC
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TV + IRV = 3500 mL or 60% TLC = ______
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IC
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What is the maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a maximal inspiration?
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vital capacity (VC) or expiratory vital capacity (EVC)
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Define (expiratory) vital capacity.
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maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a maximal inspiration
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EVC = ______
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IRV + TV + ERV = or IC + ERV = 4800 mL or 80% TLC
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IRV + TV + ERV = IC or ERV = 4800 mL or 80% TLC = ______
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EVC
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What is the maximal volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal forced expiration?
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inspiratory vital capacity (IVC)
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define inspiratory vital capacity (IVC)
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maximal volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal forced expiration
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IVC = ______
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ERV + TV + IRV = or IC + ERV = 4800 mL or 80% TLC
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ERV + TV + IRV = or IC + ERV = 4800 mL or 80% TLC = ______
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IVC
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What is the volume of air in the lungs following a normal passive exhalation?
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functional residual capacity (FRC)
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Define functional residual capacity (FRC).
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volume of air in the lungs following a normal passive exhalation
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FRC = ______
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ERV + RV = 2400 mL or 40% TLC
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ERV + RV = 2400 mL or 40% TLC = ______
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FRC (functional residual capacity)
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