A/p 2 Unit 1B

Front 1

How is the right lung different from the left lung?

Back 1

Lobes:3/2, fissures:2/1. Right is shorter, wider, higher volume, & heavier.

Front 2

Name the root of the lung and the structures located in it.

Back 2

Hilum/hilus: 1⁰ bronchi, pulm arts/veins, bronch arts/veins, pulm nerve plexus, lymph nodes/ves

Front 3

What are the blood circulations of the lungs and what do they supply?

Back 3

Bronchial circulation: stromal tissue. Pulmonary circulation: parenchymal tissue.

Front 4

What are the lymphatic plexuses of the lungs?

Back 4

Superficial lymphatic plexus and deep lymphatic plexus.

Front 5

What does the superficial (subpleural) lymphatic plexus drain and its route?

Back 5

Surface of the lungs to the bronchopulmonary/hilar nodes

Front 6

What does the deep lymphatic plexus drain and its route?

Back 6

starts at the terminal bronchioles and drains most of lung tissue to pulm lymph nodes to bronchopulmonary/hilar nodes

Front 7

Which lymph plexus drains the parenchymal tissue of the lungs?

Back 7

There are no lymph vessels at the level of the alveoli.

Front 8

Lymph from the lungs ends up in the circulation by which method on the right and left sides?

Back 8

Left = thoracic duct, right = multiple lymphatic ducts. Both to the subclavian veins.

Front 9

Sensory information from the lungs is sent over which nerve fiber?

Back 9

Vagus via the pulmonary plexus.

Front 10

Motor info to the lungs is sent over which fibers?

Back 10

PSNS: vagus via pulm plexus. SNS: T2-6 via pulm plexus, more control through circulating NE/Epi.

Front 11

Where can we find pleural membranes (3)?

Back 11

Line the thoracic cavity, lat walls of mediastinum, covers lungs.

Front 12

What are the types and subtypes of pleural membranes?

Back 12

Visceral pleura. Parietal pleura (mediastinal, cervical, costal, diaphragmatic)

Front 13

Rib level of the lowermost edge of the parietal pleura

Back 13

MCL-8th rib, MAL-10th rib, LVC-12th rib

Front 14

What can you find in the pleural cavity?

Back 14

Serous fluid, it is a potential space.

Front 15

What are the pleural reflections called?

Back 15

Costal, sternal

Front 16

What are the major pleural sinuses/recesses called?

Back 16

Costomediastinal sinus/recess and costodiaphragmatic sinus/recess

Front 17

What defines the costodiaphragmatic recess and where is it most accessible?

Back 17

The costal reflection, lateral inferior border.

Front 18

What defines the costomediastinal recess and where is it most accessible?

Back 18

Sternal reflection. 4th ICS or via the para-xiphoid approach.

Front 19

From where does the visceral pleura receive blood?

Back 19

Art: bronchial arteries; ven: bronchial veins.

Front 20

Describe the arterial and venous circulation of the parietal pleura.

Back 20

Art: intercostal art (costal) and Internal thoracic artery (mediastinal). Venous: via corresponding veins

Front 21

What is the lymphatic drainage of the pleura?

Back 21

Visceral (superficial lymphatic plexus), costal (intercostal lymph Nds), diaphragmatic (dia. LNds), mediastinal (mdstnl LNds.)

Front 22

What is the motor and sensory nerve supply to the visceral pleura?

Back 22

Motor: none. Sensory: via the pulmonary plexus to the vagus

Front 23

What section of the parietal pleura are innervated by the phrenic nerve?

Back 23

Mediastinal pleura, Cervical pleura, diaphragmatic pleura

Front 24

What area of the parietal pleura is innervated by the intercostal nerves of T1-T11?

Back 24

The costal pleura and the most peripheral areas of the diaphragmatic pleura

Front 25

How is the parietal peritoneum innervated?

Back 25

The phrenic nerve and, in the most peripheral areas, the lower intercostal nerves

Front 26

What is the mediastinum?

Back 26

The area of the thorax located between the two lungs

Front 27

What are the borders of the mediastinum?

Back 27

Sternum, Thoracic vertebrae, Mediastinal pleura, Superior thoracic aperture, diaphragm

Front 28

What are two and four divisions of the mediastinum?

Back 28

Two: superior and inferior mediastinum; Four: superior, anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum

Front 29

What can be found in the superior mediastinum?

Back 29

Trachea, Esophagus, Vagus nerves, Aortic arch, thymus gland, phrenic nerve, superior vena cava, aortic arteries, sympathetic trunk

Front 30

What is found in the anterior mediastinum?

Back 30

Lymph nodes, adipose tissue, portion of the thymus

Front 31

What can be found in the middle mediastinum?

Back 31

Pericardial sac, phrenic nerves, heart, roots of the eight major blood vessels

Front 32

What can be found in the posterior mediastinum?

Back 32

Esophogus, vagus nerve, 1⁰ bronchi, descending aorta, azygos and hemiozygos vein

Front 33

Name the facial bones and whether they are paired or unpaired.

Back 33

Unpaired: vomer, mandible. Paired: maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, inf. Nasal conchae, lacrimal, nasal

Front 34

How are the ethmoid bone and vomer bone related?

Back 34

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid extends inf. And fuses with vomer to form 2/3 of nasal septum

Front 35

Which bones fuse together to form the hard palate?

Back 35

palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bones

Front 36

How do we classify airways according to function?

Back 36

Conductive airways and gas exchange airways

Front 37

Because the conductive airways have no gas exchange going on, how else can we refer to them?

Back 37

Anatomical dead space

Front 38

The conducting airways extend from where to where?

Back 38

From the nose and mouth to the terminal bronchioles

Front 39

What defines the mouth/oral cavity?

Back 39

It extends from the lips to the palatoglossal fold

Front 40

What is the palatoglossal fold or anterior pillar?

Back 40

Fold of tissue located on each side of the oral cavity due to the palatoglossal muscle

Front 41

What is the palatoglossal arch or the anterior arch?

Back 41

The two palatoglossal folds on each side that form the palatoglossal arch, border btwn oral cavity and oral pharynx

Front 42

What is the palatopharyngeal fold

Back 42

fold of tissue on each side of the oropharynx posterior to the palatoglossal folds

Front 43

What forms the palatopharyngeal arch (aka posterior arch)?

Back 43

two palatopharyngeal folds

Front 44

What lies between the anterior and posterior arch?

Back 44

the palatine tonsil, which is lymph nodal tissue

Front 45

How many subunits is the tongue made of and how are those subunits connected?

Back 45

two halves that join together by the median sulcus

Front 46

How is the tongue divided from front to back?

Back 46

by the terminal sulcus, which divides it into an anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3, described as inverted V

Front 47

What is the foreman cecum?

Back 47

the area where each limb of the terminal sulcus join together

Front 48

What is the body and root of the tongue?

Back 48

Body: anterior 2/3 (oral portion). Root: posterior 1/3 (pharyngeal portion)

Front 49

What is the sensory nerve supply to the tongue?

Back 49

Anterior 2/3: lingual (V3) and chorda tympani (CN7). Posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (CN9) and internal laryngeal nerve (vagus)

Front 50

What is the internal laryngeal nerve a subunit of?

Back 50

Vagus>Superior>Internal

Front 51

What are lingual tonsils and where can they be found?

Back 51

at or near the surface of the pharyngeal portion of the tongue

Front 52

What is the lingual frenulum

Back 52

a thin fold of connective tissue that connects the bottom of the anterior portion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Front 53

What is the genioglossus muscle and what else is it known as?

Back 53

safety M., protruder M. Origin: mandible. Insertion: tongue. Allows you to stick out tongue

Front 54

What is the external nose made of?

Back 54

two nasal bones and a series of nasal cartilages

Front 55

What is the sensory information from the external nose transmitted on?

Back 55

V1 of the trigeminal N.

Front 56

The nasal septum is made up of what components?

Back 56

The vomer B., The perpendiular plate of the Ethmoid B., The septal cartilage

Front 57

What are the components of the Ethmoid B?

Back 57

Crista Galli, Cribiform Plate, Perpendicular Plate, Ethmoidal Cells, Middle nasal concha, Superior nasal concha

Front 58

What are the two parts of the palate and their constituents?

Back 58

hard palate (palatine B and palatine process of the maxilla). Soft palate (uvula)

Front 59

What are the anterior nares and their relative location to the nasal cavity?

Back 59

anterior openings between the atmosphere and the nasal cavity, opening slightly below the level of the floor of the nasal cavity

Front 60

What is the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

Back 60

chamber at the entrance of the nasal cavity; the spaces immediately inside the anterior nares; nasal hair originates here

Front 61

What is the atrium of the nasal cavities

Back 61

Slightly depressed area at the anterior end of the middle meatus

Front 62

What are the names of the conchae and what bone do the arise from?

Back 62

Superior, middle, and inferior nasa conchae. Superior and middle: ethmoid B. Inferior: Separate Bone

Front 63

Define meatus of the nasal cavity

Back 63

Narrow passageway located beneath the corresponding nasal concha

Front 64

Describe the drainage into the meatuses of the nasal cavity

Back 64

superior: ethmoidal sinus and sphenoethmoidal recess. Middle: frontal, maxillary and portion of ethmoidal sinuses. Inferior: nasolacrimal duct

Front 65

Define the posterior nares

Back 65

passageway between the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx

Front 66

What are the epithelial linings of the internal nose?

Back 66

the olfactory epithelium: top. stratiphied squamous epithelium: vestibule, anterior 1/3. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: posterior 2/3