A/p 2 Test 1

Front 1

A sensory neuron conducting signals into the spinal cord has its cell body
located in:
a. the skin.
b. the dorsal root ganglion of a spinal nerve.
c. the dorsal gray horn of the spinal cord.
d. the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord.

Back 1

b. the dorsal root ganglion of a spinal nerve.

Front 2

The ability of the brain to localize a stimulus is effected by all of the following
except:
a. how quickly the receptor adapts to the applied stimulus.
b. the size and degree of overlap of receptive fields for that stimulus.
c. the amount of convergence in the pathway to the brain from receptors in
that area.
d. the amount of lateral inhibition occurring in the pathway.

Back 2

a. how quickly the receptor adapts to the applied stimulus.

Front 3

A sensory receptor may be classified by:
a. its structure
b. the origin of the stimulus it detects
c. the type of stimulus it detects
d. All of the above.

Back 3

d. All of the above.

Front 4

Pressure and temperature receptors of the skin are examples of:
a. chemoreceptors
b. proprioceptors
c. interoceptors
d. exteroceptors

Back 4

d. exteroceptors

Front 5

Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are detected by:
a. photoreceptors
b. nociceptors
c. mechanoreceptors
d. proprioceptors

Back 5

b. nociceptors

Front 6

Baroreceptors that monitor blood pressure are examples of:
a. chemoreceptors
b. proprioceptors
c. interoceptors
d. exteroceptors

Back 6

c. interoceptors

Front 7

Sensory receptors that monitor the plasma CO2 concentration are examples of:
a. chemoreceptors
b. proprioceptors
c. mechanoreceptors
d. exteroceptors

Back 7

a. chemoreceptors

Front 8

Sensory receptors that monitor the angle and position of joints and the length
and tension on muscles are:
a. chemoreceptors
b. proprioceptors
c. nociceptors
d. exteroceptors

Back 8

b. proprioceptors

Front 9

Which of the following is not involved in proprioception?
a. Golgi tendon organ
b. Ruffini’s capsule
c. Merkel’s disc
d. muscle spindle

Back 9

c. Merkel’s disc

Front 10

Which of the following is not considered a special sense?
a. vision
b. hearing
c. equilibrium
d. touch

Back 10

d. touch

Front 11

Which of the following statements concerning is muscle spindle fibers is
FALSE?
a. They are activated by muscle stretch.
b. They are composed of extrafusal muscle fibers.
c. They are proprioceptors.
d. They monitor changes in the length of skeletal muscles.

Back 11

b. They are composed of extrafusal muscle fibers.

Front 12

Which of the following statements regarding Golgi tendon organs is FALSE?
a. They are nociceptors activated by damage to a tendon.
b. They are located at the junction of a tendon and muscle.
c. They are tendon stretch receptors.
d. They protect tendons and their associated muscles from damage due to
excessive tension.

Back 12

a. They are nociceptors activated by damage to a tendon.

Front 13

14. Which of the following best describes a reflex arc?
a. receptor → efferent neuron → integration center → afferent neuron → effector
b. receptor → afferent neuron → integration center → efferent neuron → effector
c. effector → afferent neuron → integration center → efferent neuron → receptor
d. effector → efferent neuron → integration center → afferent neuron → receptor

Back 13

b. receptor → afferent neuron → integration center → efferent neuron → effector

Front 14

Which of the following is a spinal reflex that protects a muscle from tearing if it
starts to generate too much tension against a muscle load?
a. Golgi tendon reflex
b. flexor reflex
c. stretch reflex
d. crossed extensor reflex

Back 14

a. Golgi tendon reflex

Front 15

Which of the following is a spinal reflex that causes muscle contraction in
response to muscle stretching?
a. Golgi tendon reflex
b. flexor reflex
c. stretch reflex
d. crossed extensor reflex

Back 15

c. stretch reflex

Front 16

Which of the following statements concerning the myotactic (e.g. “knee jerk” or
patellar reflex) reflex is true?
a. The patellar reflex includes a simultaneous stretch reflex of the quadriceps
muscle and reciprocal activation of the hamstring muscles.
b. The patellar reflex includes a simultaneous stretch reflex of the quadriceps
muscle and reciprocal inhibition of the hamstring muscles.
c. The myotactic reflex is a monosynaptic, contralateral reflex.
d. The myotactic reflex is a Golgi tendon reflex.

Back 16

b. The patellar reflex includes a simultaneous stretch reflex of the quadriceps
muscle and reciprocal inhibition of the hamstring muscles.

Front 17

Which reflex is a combination of an ipsilateral flexor reflex and a contralateral
extensor reflex?
a. myotatic reflex
b. withdrawal reflex
c. Golgi tendon reflex
d. crossed extensor reflex

Back 17

d. crossed extensor reflex

Front 18

The myotactic reflex (e.g. “knee jerk” or patellar reflex) is an example of:
a. an acquired reflex
b. an intrinsic reflex
c. a somatic reflex
d. Both B and C are correct.

Back 18

d. Both B and C are correct.

Front 19

Which of the following is not true of a flexor reflex?
a. It is also called a withdrawal reflex.
b. It moves a body part away from harm.
c. It is ipsilateral.
d. It is monosynaptic.

Back 19

d. It is monosynaptic.

Front 20

Place the events of a Golgi tendon reflex in the order in which they occur.
1. decreased motor neuron impulse propagation
2. stimulation of tendon organ by excessive tension on tendon
3. generation and propagation of impulse along sensory neuron
4. muscle relaxes reducing tension on tendon
5. activation of inhibitory interneuron
6. inhibitory interneuron hyperpolarizes motor neuron
a. 6, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4
b. 2, 5, 3, 6, 1, 4
c. 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 4
d. 1, 3, 5, 6, 2, 4

Back 20

c. 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 4

Front 21

Which of the following statements concerning sensory neurons is correct?
a. First order neurons conduct impulses from the periphery into the CNS
b. Second order neurons conveying non-proprioceptive sensory information
decussate (crossover) and synapse in the thalamus.
c. Third order neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the cerebral
cortex.
d. All of the above.

Back 21

d. All of the above.

Front 22

Which ascending pathway carries the sensations for deep touch and two point
discrimination?
a. dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
b. spinothalamic pathway
c. spinocerebellar pathway

Back 22

a. dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

Front 23

Which ascending pathway carries the sensations for crude touch and pain?
a. dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
b. spinothalamic pathway
c. spinocerebellar pathway

Back 23

b. spinothalamic pathway

Front 24

Which of the following signs would be displayed by a patient suffering from a
spinal cord injury that damaged her right dorsal column, right posterior
spinocerebellar tract, and right spinothalamic tract at L2?
a. loss of temperature and pain sensation from the left leg
b. significant loss of proprioception from the right leg
c. loss of the tactile sensations of deep touch, vibration, and two-point
discrimination from the right leg
d. All of the above.

Back 24

d. All of the above.

Front 25

Which of the following is not innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?
a. skeletal muscle
b. smooth muscle
c. cardiac muscle
d. glands

Back 25

a. skeletal muscle

Front 26

Preparing the body for the “fight-or-flight” response is the role of the:
a. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
b. parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
c. somatic nervous system
d. enteric nervous system

Back 26

a. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Front 27

The division of the autonomic nervous system best characterized by “rest and
digest” is the:
a. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
b. parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
c. somatic nervous system
d. central nervous system

Back 27

b. parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Front 28

Which of the following is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of
the autonomic nervous system?
a. Preganglionic fibers arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal
cord.
b. Terminal ganglia are located close to effector organs.
c. Preganglionic fibers are myelinated; postganglionic fibers are not.
d. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine.

Back 28

a. Preganglionic fibers arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal
cord.

Front 29

Parasympathetic axons exit the brainstem in all of the following cranial nerves
EXCEPT
a. facial (VII)
b. hypoglossal (XII)
c. oculomotor (III)
d. vagus (X)

Back 29

b. hypoglossal (XII)

Front 30

Which of the following cranial nerves carries parasympathetic preganglionic
nerve fibers that innervate organs of the thorax and upper abdomen?
a. facial (VII)
b. glossopharyngeal (IX)
c. oculomotor (III)
d. vagus (X)

Back 30

d. vagus (X)

Front 31

Sympathetic preganglionic axons originate from neurons in the
_______________ of the spinal cord.
a. anterior gray horns
b. dorsal columns
c. lateral gray horns
d. posterior gray horns

Back 31

c. lateral gray horns

Front 32

Which of the following types of ganglia occur in chains on either side of the
vertebral column?
a. collateral ganglia
b. paravertebral ganglia
c. prevertebral ganglia
d. terminal ganglio

Back 32

b. paravertebral ganglia

Front 33

Parasympathetic ganglia located near the _______________ are called
______________.
a. spinal cord; collateral ganglia
b. spinal cord; paravertebral ganglia
c. target organs; collateral ganglia
d. target organs; terminal ganglia

Back 33

d. target organs; terminal ganglia

Front 34

Which of the following is not a cranial parasympathetic ganglion?
a. ciliary
b. optic
c. otic
d. pterygopalatine

Back 34

b. optic

Front 35

Which of the following features is characteristic of the sympathetic division of
the autonomic nervous system?
a. tends to fire diffusely as a whole, rather than separately as discrete parts
b. generally uses acetylcholine as its postganglionic neurotransmitter
c. All sympathetic neurons are adrenergic.
d. Preganglionic sympathetic axons are generally longer than postganglionic
sympathetic axons.

Back 35

a. tends to fire diffusely as a whole, rather than separately as discrete parts

Front 36

Stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
causes:
a. increased heart rate
b. increased rate and depth of breathing
c. decreased digestive activity
d. All of the above.

Back 36

d. All of the above.

Front 37

Functions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
include:
a. stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction
b. mobilization of stored energy reserves, resulting in increased blood glucose
and fatty acids
c. constriction of blood vessels in the skin and digestive tract
d. constriction of bronchioles (airway passages) in the lungs

Back 37

d. constriction of bronchioles (airway passages) in the lungs

Front 38

In general, parasympathetic activation will produce effects that are
__________ to those produced by activation of sympathetic neurons.
a. similar
b. opposite
c. complementary
d. synergistic

Back 38

b. opposite

Front 39

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to
a. alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.
b. muscarinic receptors.
c. nicotinic receptors.
d. Both B and C.

Back 39

d. Both B and C.

Front 40

The cell bodies and dendrites of all postganglionic autonomic neurons contain:
a. catecholamine receptors
b. β-adrenergic receptors
c. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
d. muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Back 40

c. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Front 41

Which of the following statements concerning muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors is true?
a. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors.
b. Muscarinic receptors are ligand-gated Na+ channels.
c. Exposure to acetylcholine is always excitatory (i.e. always elicits membrane
depolarization).
d. Muscarinic receptors are found only in the parasympathetic branch of the
autonomic nervous system.

Back 41

a. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors.

Front 42

Norepinephrine is usually the neurotransmitter employed by
a. parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
b. parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
c. sympathetic preganglionic neurons
d. sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Back 42

d. sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Front 43

What type of receptor occurs in the membranes of the adrenal medulla cells
that respond to sympathetic stimulation by secreting the hormones epinephrine
and norepinephrine?
a. alpha adrenergic
b. beta adrenergic
c. muscarinic cholinergic
d. nicotinic cholinergic

Back 43

d. nicotinic cholinergic

Front 44

Activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors constricts most blood vessels. An alpha
agonist would:
a. constrict blood vessels.
b. dilate blood vessels.
c. be useful for the treatment of hypotension.
d. Both A and C are correct.

Back 44

d. Both A and C are correct.

Front 45

Activation of Beta1-adrenergic receptors increases the heart rate and strength
of contraction and dilates the coronary arteries. A β1-antagonist (β1-blocker):
a. could be useful for the treatment of hypotension.
b. could be useful for the treatment of hypertension.
c. would further increase the heart rate and strength of contraction.
d. Both B and C are correct.

Back 45

b. could be useful for the treatment of hypertension.

Front 46

Which of the following statements regarding the sympathetic chain is true?
a. The sympathetic chain runs the full length of the spinal column.
b. The sympathetic chain receives preganglionic fibers from spinal nerves T1-
L2 only.
c. Some sympathetic preganglionic fibers pass through the sympathetic chain
without synapsing and merge to form splanchnic nerves.
d. All of the above.

Back 46

d. All of the above.

Front 47

Splanchnic nerves:
a. convey preganglionic fibers to prevertebral ganglia.
b. arise from preganglionic fibers that pass through paravertebral ganglia
without synapsing.
c. contain postganglionic fibers that supply thoracic and abdominal viscera.
d. Both A and B are correct.

Back 47

d. Both A and B are correct.

Front 48

Which of the following statements concerning splanchnic nerves is FALSE?
a. The splanchnic nerves are formed from sympathetic fibers that pass
through the sympathetic chain without synapsing.
b. The greater splanchnic nerve terminates in the celiac ganglion.
c. The lesser splanchnic nerve terminates in the superior mesenteric ganglion.
d. The lumbar splanchnic nerve terminates in the sympathetic chain ganglia.

Back 48

d. The lumbar splanchnic nerve terminates in the sympathetic chain ganglia.

Front 49

The adrenal medulla:
a. arise from the same embryonic tissue as the sympathetic ganglia.
b. contains anaxonal sympathetic postganglionic neurons called chromaffin
cells.
c. releases the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood
when stimulated.
d. All of the above.

Back 49

d. All of the above.

Front 50

A tumor in a patient’s adrenal medulla causes excessive secretion of
epinephrine. Which receptors will be affected by this hypersecretion?
a. α-adrenergic receptors
b. β-adrenergic receptors
c. muscarinic receptors
d. Both A and B are correct.

Back 50

d. Both A and B are correct.