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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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main functions of the lymphatic system
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-drain interstitial fluid -transport dietary lipids absorbed by the GI tract to the blood via the liver -facilitating the immune responses |
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innate immunity
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present at birth, non specific, non adaptive.
non specific because it covers a broad spectrum |
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adaptive immunity |
ability of the body to adapt defenses against the antigens of specific bacteria, viruses, foreign tissues and toxins. uses B cells and T cells |
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characteristic of lymphatic capillaries |
fluids can move in but not out.
contain one-way valves to control fluid-movemnt. |
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lyphatic vessels |
resemble veins in structure with thin walls and valves to prevent back-flow |
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respiratory pump & skeletal muscle pump |
influence movement of lymph back to the blood (cardiovascular system) |
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thoracic duct |
drains into the brachiocephalic vein, left subclavian, and left internal jugular |
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Primary lymphatic organs |
consist of red bone marrow and thymus site where stem cells divide and become immuno competent |
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secondary lymphatic organs |
consist of lymph nodes, spleen, and lyphatic nodes. site of origion for most responses |
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immunocompetent |
capable of mounting an immune response |
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lymph nodes |
bean shaped strucutes that are scattered throughout the body, superficial or deep, usually in groups. most prominant in the axilary region, their main function is to filter. |
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thymus gland |
located in the mediastinum between the sternum and aorta. its main function is to replicated t cells and begin maturation. usually bigger in infants. |
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macrophages in the lymph nodes |
destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis. |
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main functions of the spleen |
located in the left hypochondriac region filters blood stores platelets, produces red blood cells in fetal life, destroys blood born pathogens |
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MALT |
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue in the gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive tract and respiratory airways. |
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tonsils |
lymphatic nodules strategically located in the pharyngeal area of the body to provide immune responses against inhaled or ingested foreign substances |
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pharyngeal tonsils |
posterior wall of nasopharynx |
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palatine tonsils |
both sides of the posterior region of the oral cavity (these get removed via tonsilectomy) |
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lingual tonsils |
base of the tongue |
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first line of defense |
skin and mucus membranes provides a physical and chemical barrier that discourages pathogens and foreign substances from penetrating the body and causing disease. it is innate and none specific, covers any type of foreign pathogen |
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components of first line of defense |
skin hair cilia tears - saliva urine - vaginal secretions defecation coughing - sneezing perspiration gastric juice |
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second line of defense |
also called internal defense occurs when pathogens penetrate the physical and chemical barriers of skin and mucus membranes. innate and none specific. will kill anything it encounters. |
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components of second line of defense |
fever inflamation complementary protein system antimicrobial substances NK CELLS interferon macrophages phagocytes monocytes |
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lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts (all deal with viruses) |
release interferons when cells are infected with viruses |
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interferon |
diffuse to uninfected neighboring cells, induce synthesis of antiviral proteins that interefere with viral replication. do not stop infection but stop its replication. |
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neutrophils & macrophages |
perform phagocytosis |
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NK CELLS |
non-specific cell which kills a wide variety of cells in the body affected by a pathogen. inserts into the plasma membrane of the targe cell, releases perforin which creates perforations in the membrane, extracellular fluid flows into the target cel and the cell bursts. |
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chemotaxis |
chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes to a site of damage. phagocytes are sttracted by chemicals from invading microbes, WBC's damaged tissue cells or activated complement proteins |
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emigration |
process in which WBC's leave the bood stream by rolling along the endothelium, sticking to it and squeeing between the endothelial cells. |
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symptoms of inflamation |
redness, pain, heat and swelling. can lead to loss of function in injured area |
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benefits of fever
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vasodialation - emigration - tissue repair through elevation of body temperature above its normal range due to a resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat. |
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adaptive vs innate immunity differences |
specificily for particular foreign molecules (antigens) memory for most previously encountered antigens. |
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Red bone marrow |
site where B cells reach full maturity (B FOR BONE) |
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Thymus |
site where T cells reach maturity (T for Thymus) |
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immunocompetence |
ability to carry out adaptive immune responses |
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cell mediated immunity |
includes cytotoxic T cells DIRECTLY invading antigens |
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antibody mediated immunity |
B cells transform into plasma cells, synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies of immunoglobins |
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clonal selection |
when a body is first exposed to a foreign antigen. |
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proliferation |
lymphocyte divides |
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differentiation |
forms more highly specialized cells |
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memory cells |
alllow for swifter reaction if the same antigen enters the body a second time. |
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4 steps of processing a foreign antigen |
ingestion of antigen digestion of antigen into peptide fragments synthesis of MhC2 molecules insertion of antigen MhC2 complexes into plasma membrane (into the envelope of the cell |
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MhC 1 |
all body cells contain this except for red blood cells |
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MhC 2 |
antigen presenting cells (APC's) contain this |
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exogenous antigens |
foregin pathogens present in fluid outside of cells. include bacteria, bacterial toxins, parasitic worms, pollen, dust, viruses not yet within cells. |
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cytokines |
small protein hormones that stimulate/inhibit normal cell function. typically secreted by luphocytes, APC's, fibroblasts, endothelian cells, monocytes, hepatocytes and kidney cells. |
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first step of cell mediated immunity |
activation of a small number of T cells by a specific antigen and then undergoes clonal selection |
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second step of cell mediated immunity |
activated t cell undergoes clonal selection |
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third step of cell mediated immunity |
elimination of invaders |
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memory helper t cells |
produced during differentiation stage of cell mediated immunity, are not active bur may ramain in circulation for many years |
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proliferation (cell division & differentiation (cell specialization) |
events happening in second stage of cell mediated ummunity |
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cytotoxic T cells |
cell in charge of carrying out the third step of cell mediated immunity. |
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perforin in cell mediated immunity |
inserts into the plasma membrane, creates channels in the membrane, extracellular fluid flows in and begins cytolysis. |
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first step of antibody mediated immunity |
activation of b cells (direct OR indirect contact with foreign antigen) |
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main actions or functions of antibodies |
neautralizing agents immobilizing bacteria agglutinating an precipitating of antigens activating complement proteins enhancing phagocytosis. |
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ways the complement system helps in immunity |
destroys microbe by decreasing phagocytosis, cytolysis and inflammation. prevents excessive damage to body tissues. |
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IgG |
80% can cross from mother to child. individual protein molecules responsible for resistance to any viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins |
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IgA |
10-15% found in tears, salica, mucous membranes. |
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IgM |
first antibody released when infection if detected. blood typing also included |
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IgD |
attaches to B cells, plays role in differentiation of b-cell into plasma |
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IgE |
attached to basophils, initiates the release of histamine and heparin that accelerate inflammation |
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primary immune response |
occurs when a foreign antigen enters the body for the first time. Leads to formation of specialized WBC's and antibodies |
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secondary immune response |
occurs when a previously present pathogen enters the body again. is a faster response due to memory cells |
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artificially aquired active immunity |
received a caccination to protec them agains certain disease causing pathogens that they may encounter in the future. Ex. influenza |
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naturally aquired active immunity |
the person has not received a vaccination. The person will encounter the pathogen, fight it off and build up immunity to it. Ex. chickenpox. |
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artificially aquired active immunity |
person must be actively involved in making specific antibodies to the specific foreign antigen that has entered the body. Ex. receiving an injection of gamma globulin antibodies |
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naturally aquired passive immunity |
a person does not need to make the antibodies to a specific foreign antigen. Ex. gained through brest milk, transfered through the placenta. |
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passive immunity |
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.
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passive immunity |
the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.
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main parts of the upper respiratory system |
nose, pharynx, nasal cavity |
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main parts of the lower respiratory system |
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
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main functions in the conducting zone |
filetering, warming, moistening air. brining air to the site of external respiration. |
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main functions in the respiratory zone |
main site of gas exchange, consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolas ducts, alvelar sacs and alveoli. |
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reason for contstant need for O2 |
cells use O2 for metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules to produce ATP |
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effect of CO2 in the body |
can cause acidity in the blood which can be toxic to cells in the body |
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cardiovascular system in exchange of gases |
assist in speech production and eliminates water and heat. filters, moistens and warms air entering the body |
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functions performed by the cardiovascular system |
-regulates blood Ph by changing levels of CO2 -line the nose receptors for sense of smell -assist in sound production when singing -eliminated water and heat |
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3 main functions of the nose |
-warm, moist and filter incoming air -detect olfactory stimuli -modify speech vibrations |
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parts of the pharynx |
nasopharynx (between mouth and nose) oropharynx (posterior part of mouth) Laryngopharynx - lower portion of posterior mouth |
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pharynx |
also known as the throat |
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Larynx |
also known as the voice box |
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function of the eppiglottis |
leaf shaped piece of cartilage covered with epithelium that prevents food or liquids from entering the larynx when swallowing. |
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laryngitis
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inflamation of the larynx |
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high pitch |
produced when vocal cords are tight and shorter in lenght and vibrate more rapidly. |
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low pitch |
produced when vocal cords are relaxed or longer in lenght and vibrate more slowly. |
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Trachea |
commonly called windpipe |
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inner lining of the trachea |
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheliem |
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purpose of semi-circular cartilaginous rings |
proved a semi-rigid support structure to keep the trachea from colapsing during inspiration |
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cricothyrotomy |
incision below the larynx, above the sternum and inserting some type of tube. done in emergency cituations. |
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endothelial intubation |
inserting a tube through the motuh and down the throat. done when swelling of the lining of the trachea is beginning to close the passageway. |
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primary bronchi |
-deliver air into the lungs -contain cartilage and ciliated epithelium. |
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tertiary bronchi |
SMALLEST branhes of the bronchial tree that deliver air to smaller sections of lung tissue. contain epithelium and less and less cartilage. |
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smooth muscle |
replaces the cartilage at the end of the the tertiary brochi |
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bronchitis |
inflamation of the mucus membranes of the bronchial tree, results in productive coughing |
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pleural membrane |
double-layered serous membrane that surrounds each lung |
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parietal pleural |
firmly attached to the inner wall of the thoracic cavity |
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visceral pleural |
layere firmly attacehd to the surface of the lungs |
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order of lung tissue sections from largest to smallest |
lungs supplied by primary bronchi lobes supplied by secondary bronchi lobules supplied by tertiary bronchi bronchopulmonary segments by bronchioles |
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characteristic of the left lung
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has 2 lobes and one oblique fissure |
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characteristics of the right lung |
has 3 lobes and 2 fissures, the horizontal and oblique fissures. |
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bronchodilation |
increase the size of bronchiole lumen, decrease the resistance to airflow. relaxation of the walls (lumen) |
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elastic connective tissue |
surrounds each lobule within the lung tissue |
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internal respiration |
cell transport mechanism used for the exchange of gases across the capillary walls. |
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factors that affect the rate or efficiancy of gas exchange in alveoli of lungs |
partial pressure difference of the gases surface area for gas exchange diffision distance molecular weight and solubility of gases |
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pulmonary edema |
build up of interstitial fluid between the alveoli |
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right ventricle |
pumps blood into the pulmonary circulatory system |
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pulmonary arteries |
transport blood from the heart to the lungs contain deoxygenated blood |
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pulmonary veins |
transport OXYGENATED blood from the lungs back to the heart into the left atrium |
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hemogloin role in oxygen trasnportation |
transports the most amount of oxygen in the blood |
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oxyhemoglobin |
hemoglobin BONDED to oxygen |
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Deoxyhemoglobin |
hemoglobin NOT BONDED to oxygen |
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metabolically active and O2 dependent tissues |
produce large amounts of CO2, BPG, and have an increase in temperature and reate an acidic environment. |
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carbaminohemoglobin |
hemoglobn which is bonded to a carbon dioxide |
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method of transportation for carbon dioxide |
bicarbonate ions |
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Chloride shift |
HCO3 moves out of RBC to plasma (downt he gradient. Cl moves opposite in exchange, maintains electrical balance |
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medula oblongata & pons |
parts of the respiratory centers in the brain. located in the brain stem |
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medula oblongata |
regulates the rate/rhytm of breathing |
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pons |
regulates the depth of breathing (inhalation) |
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pnemotaxic area of respiratory center |
turns off respiratory impulses before the lungs overfill |
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apneustic area of respiratory center |
sends stimuli to inspiratory area to prolong inhalation |
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chemicals detected by chemoreceptors which regulate breathing rate |
CO2, H, O2 |
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peripheral chemoreceptors |
located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies |
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central chemoreceptors |
located in the medulla oblongata |
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External respiration
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is the exchange of gases between the alveoli in the lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
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Internal respiration
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the exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and systemic tissue cells.
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normal quiet expiration is considered a passive process
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occurs as the diaphragm and intercostals relax and doesn't require the activation of other muscles.
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pressure conditions does air flow into the lung? Out of the lung
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Into the lung: When alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. Out of the lung: When alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
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Surfactant. Type II alveolar cells
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fluid reduces surface tension in the lung, and what cell type releases it
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three main functions of the Lymphatic system
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Drains interstitial fluid and returns it to the circulatory system. 2. Transports lipids from the digestive system to the liver. 3. Carries out the immune response
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differences between a primary and secondary immune response
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A primary immune response occurs the first time a body is infected and takes time as the body must create antibodies and memory cells. The secondary immune response is when the body encounters the same pathogen and the existing memory cells respond quickly and the response is more robust
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three functions of the respiratory system
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Moistens, filters, and warms air. Contains receptors for smell. Gas Exchange. Regulates blood pH. Helps produce speech sounds.
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bicarbonate ions
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majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood
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Bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)
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majority of oxygen transported in the blood
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Chyle
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combination of lymph and lipids that these vessels transport
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Lacteals
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lymphatic capillaries that surround the small intestine and transport lipids
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clonal selection
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after a lymphocyte is activated by being exposed to a foreign antigen the number of white blood cells increase (proliferation) and various specialized white blood cells are formed (differentiation)
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oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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parts of the pharynx that have both respiratory and digestive function
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flattens out (goes down)
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What happens to the diaphragm as it contracts. causes inhalation.
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Veins
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vessels in the cardiovascular system are most similar to lymphatic vessels. Both have valves and both require the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump to move fluids. Subclavian veins vessels does lymph drain when it re-enters the circulatory system
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steps involved in processing a foreign antigen by an antigen presenting cell
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1. Ingestion of the antigen 2. Digestion of the antigen 3. Synthesis of MHC-2 molecules 4. Insertion of MHC-2 molecules on the cell membrane
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a. LUNGS ARE SUPPLIED BY |
THE PRIMARY BRONCHI |
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b. LOBES ARE SUPPLIED BY |
THE SECONDARY BRONCHI |
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c. BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS ARE SUPPLIED BY |
THE TERTIARY BRONCHI |
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d. LOBULES ARE SUPPLIED BY
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BRONCHIOLES
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inspiratory reserve volume
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The amount of air forcibly inhaled after a normal breath is taken
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residual volume
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The volume of air that remains in the airway after maximal expiration
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peripheral chemoreceptors
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located IN THE ARCH OF THE AORTA AND THE WALLS OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES
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CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGEN IONS, AND OXYGEN
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chemicals in the blood (detected by chemoreceptors) are the major regulators of thebreathing rate
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Apneustic area of the respirator center
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SEND STIMULATORY IMPULSES TO THE RESPIRATORY CENTER, INCREASING INSPIRATION
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Pneumotaxic area of the respiratory center
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TO SEND INHIBITORY IMPULSES TO THE INSPIRATION CENTER, SHORTENING INSPIRATION
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“chloride shift”
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AS BICARBONATE IONS LEAVE THE CELL, CHLORIDE IONS ENTER IT IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THEELECTRICAL BALANCE WITHIN THE BLOOD CELL.
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carbaminohemoglobin
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HEMOGLOBIN BONDED TO CARBON DIOXIDE
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WHEN METABOLICALLY ACTIVE
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tissue cells produce large amounts of CO2, BPG, and have an increase in temperature andcreate an acidic environment
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1. PARTIAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES2. SURFACE AREA AVAILABLE3. DIFFUSION DISTANCE4. MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND SOLUBILITY OF THE GASES
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four factors that affect the rate or efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli of the lungs?
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“internal” respiration?
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GAS EXCHANGE BLOOD IN THE SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES AND SYSTEMIC TISSUES
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“external” respiration?
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GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN ALVEOLI IN THE LUNGS AND BLOOD IN THE PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
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“vital capacity” |
THE MAXIMUM AIR THAT CAN BE MOVED IN OR OUT OF THE LUNGS
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b. Expiratory reserve volume:
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VOLUME OF AIR FORCIBLY EXHALED AFTER A NORMAL BREATH
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a. Inspiratory reserve volume:
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VOLUME OF AIR FORCIBLY INHALED AFTER TAKING A NORMAL BREATH
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s tidal lung volume?
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AMOUNT INHALED AND EXHALED IN A NORMAL BREATH
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surfactant
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A MIXTURE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS THAT INCREASES SURFACE TENSION IN THEALVEOLI. THIS KEEPS ALVEOLI FROM COLLAPSING
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two main accessory muscles of “forced exhalation”?
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1. ABDOMINAL MUSCLES2. INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
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e three factors that may influence pulmonary ventilation?
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1. SURFACE TENSION OF THE ALVEOLAR FLUID2. COMPLIANCE OF LUNG TISSUE3. AIRWAY RESISTANCE
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causes exhalation
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THE DIAPHRAGM RELAXES AND MOVES UP INTO THE THORACIC CAVITY
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three accessory muscles of “forced inspiration”
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1. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID2. SCALENE3. PECTORALIS MINOR
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two main muscles that contract during inhalation
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DIAPHRAGM2. EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
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CHANGES IN THE SIZE OF THE THORACIC CAVITY
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causes the alternating air pressure differences (pressure gradients) that exist in the lungs thatallow for pulmonary ventilation?
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pulmonary ventilation
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EXCHANGE OF AIR BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND ALVEOLI IN THE LUNGS. INHALATION IS THEMOVEMENT OF AIR INTO THE LUNGS AND EXHALATION IS THE MOVEMENT OF AIR OUT OF THELUNGS.
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GAS EXCHANGE – CARBON DIOXIDE IS RELEASED AND OXYGEN IS PICKED UP
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s when this blood reaches the pulmonary capillaries that surround the alveolar sacs
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three cell types found in the alveoli of the lungs
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TYPE 1 ALVEOLAR CELLS: FORM A THIN WALL FOR EFFICIENT GAS EXCHANGE2. TYPE 2 ALVEOLAR CELLS: SECRETE SURFACTANT THAT KEEPS ALVEOLI FROM COLLAPSING3. MACROPHAGES/DUST CELLS: REMOVE DUST AND PATHOGENS FROM ALVEOLI
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ALVEOLI
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small cup-shaped structures in lung tissue that are surrounded by a capillary bedwhere gas exchange occurs between the air and blood
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ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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type of connective tissue surrounds each lobule within the lung tissue
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Bronchitis
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INFLAMMATION OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING THE BRONCHIAL TREE
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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type of epithelial tissue lines the inner surface of the trachea
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three main functions of the nose?
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WARMING, MOISTENING AND FILTERING AIR2. DETECTING OLFACTORY STIMULI3. MODIFYING SPEECH VIBRATIONS
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main parts of the pharynx
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1. NASOPHARYNX - POSTERIOR TO THE NASAL CAVITY2. OROPHARYNX – POSTERIOR TO THE MOUTH3. LARYNGOPHARYNX—BELOW THE TONGUE
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functions performed by structures of the respiratory system
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-ELIMINATES WATER AND HEAT-HELPS TO REGULATED BLOOD PH-OLFACTION-FILTERS, WARMS AND MOISTENS AIR-PRODUCE SOUNDS INVOLVED IN SPEECH
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cardiovascular system play in regard to the exchange of gases
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TRANSPORTS BLOOD CONTAINING GASES BETWEEN THE LUNGS AND CELLS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
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