A&p 2; Lesson 1, Endocrine

Front 1

absorptive state

Back 1

After a meal, the period during which the body receives nutrients from food in the intestine.

Front 2

Addison's syndrome

Back 2

A condition in which the supply of adrenal steroids is inadequate, either due to damage to the adrenals themselves or to failure of ACTH secretion.

Front 3

adenohypophysis

Back 3

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes six glycoprotein hormones.

Front 4

adenyl cyclase

Back 4

Converts a small fraction of the cell's supply of ATP into cAMP.

Front 5

adrenal medulla

Back 5

A branch of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholomines, epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Front 6

adrenalin

Back 6

The catecholamine epinephrine.

Front 7

adrenogenital syndrome

Back 7

Excess androgen that masculinizes the genitalia of female fetuses if the mother has the defect.

Front 8

aldosterone

Back 8

An adrenal cortical steroid that plays an important role in regulating both Na+ content, and with ADH, extracellular fluid volume.

Front 9

alkalosis

Back 9

Excessive plasma alkalinity.

Front 10

angiotensin I

Back 10

Converst to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

Front 11

angiotensinogen

Back 11

A plasma protein that splits off angiotensin I when renin acts on it.

Front 12

anterior lobe

Back 12

The adenohypophysis or pars distalis.

Front 13

antidiuretic hormone

Back 13

Also known as vasopressin, ADH increases the rate of recovery of water from collecting ducts in the kidney; thus, it promotes water conservation and the production of scanty, concentrated urine.

Front 14

arachidonic acid

Back 14

A fatty acid present in plasma membranes.

Front 15

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Back 15

A peptide hormone released by the muscle fibers of the atria that, along with ADH and aldosterone, regulates kidney function.

Front 16

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Back 16

The rate of energy use that is unrelated to specific body activities such as eating, exercise, or keeping warm.

Front 17

calcitonin

Back 17

A hormone secreted by the thyroid that stimulates bone calcification.

Front 18

calcium ion (Ca++)

Back 18

An important second messenger involved in activating secretion in exocrine and endocrine glands.

Front 19

calmodulin

Back 19

The major Ca++ binding protein for smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells.

Front 20

carrier proteins

Back 20

Specific proteins that carry steroid hormones in the blood as complexes.

Front 21

cell-surface receptors

Back 21

Hormones are recognized by these membrane-spanning receptors that then generate an intracellular second messenger.

Front 22

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Back 22

Inhibits gastric emptying, and stimulates gall bladdet contractions to increase delivery of digestive enzymes to duodenum.

Front 23

colloid

Back 23

A protein matrix that acts as a reservoir for iodine accumulated in the thyroid from the blood.

Front 24

Cushing's syndrome

Back 24

A condition in which excessive adrenal activity is generally the result of excessive secretion of ACTH.

Front 25

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Back 25

The cyclic nucleotide that acts as a second messenger.

Front 26

diabetes mellitus

Back 26

Failure of the pancreas to secrete adequate insulin.

Front 27

diacylglycerol

Back 27

A signaling substance that is a hydrophobic molecule that diffuses freely within the plasma membrane ad acts on a specific family of protein kinases (C kinases) distinct from that affected by cyclic nucleotides.

Front 28

dihydrotestosterone

Back 28

A gonadal male hormone.

Front 29

duodenum

Back 29

Part of the GI tract that secretes a large number of peptide hormones.

Front 30

endocrine gland

Back 30

A structure specialized for the production and secretion of hormones.

Front 31

endorphins

Back 31

Peptide hormones involved in the process by which the body modulates its own pain sensitivity.

Front 32

enkephalins

Back 32

Peptide hormones involved in the process by which the body modulates its own pain sensitivity.

Front 33

epinephrine

Back 33

Secreted by the adrenal medulla, a catecholamine that is an important hormone, along with cortisol and glucagon, of the postabsorptive state.

Front 34

erythrpoietin (EPO)

Back 34

A hormone that acts on the hematopoietic tissue of flat bones to stimulate the production of red blood cells.

Front 35

estrogens

Back 35

The gonadal female sex hormones.

Front 36

exopthalmos

Back 36

A protrusion of the eyes due to hyperthyroidism.

Front 37

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 37

One of two gonadotropins secreted by the adenohypophysis that control gonadal mass and function.

Front 38

gametogenesis

Back 38

The formation of reproductive cells.

Front 39

gastrin

Back 39

A mediator secreted by the stomach that stimulates secretion of acid and pepsin by the gastric mucosa.

Front 40

glucagon

Back 40

Secreted by the pancreas, a hormone, along with cortisol and epinephrine, that is important in the postabsorptive state.

Front 41

glucose tolerance test

Back 41

A test for the clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in which the patient fasts until postabsorptive state is reached, then ingests a glucose meal.

Front 42

glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone (GIP)

Back 42

A hormone released in response to the appearance of a carbohydrate meal in the duodenum and stimulates an early release of insulin in advance of the appearance of the glucose in the blood.

Front 43

gonadotropin releasing factor (GNRF)

Back 43

Secreted by the hypothalamus to control the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.

Front 44

hematocrit

Back 44

The fraction of blood volume that is red blood cells.

Front 45

human growth hormone (HGH)

Back 45

A hormone that plays a central role in the control of growth throughout the body.

Front 46

hypertension

Back 46

Elevated blood pressure.

Front 47

hypocalcemia

Back 47

A drop in plasma Ca++.

Front 48

hypokalemia

Back 48

Depressed plasma K+.

Front 49

hypothalamopituitary portal system

Back 49

A special variety of blood circulation that involves two sets of capillaries connected by one or more portal veins.

Front 50

hypothyroid cretinism

Back 50

A form of mental retardation caused by early thyroid deficiency.

Front 51

hypovolemia

Back 51

A decrease in the volume of the circulating blood.

Front 52

islets of Langerhans

Back 52

Endocrine cells embedded in the exocrine tissue that secrete three major protein hormones: glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin.

Front 53

leptin

Back 53

A protein hormone released by adipose cells in proportion to their stored fat content that acts on the CNS to suppress appetite.

Front 54

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 54

One of two gonadotropins secreted by the adenohypophysis that control gonadal mass and function.

Front 55

melanocyte-stimulating hormones

Back 55

A family of hormones included in the POMC sequence that are important in animals that change color, but apparently have no normal function in humans.

Front 56

melatonin

Back 56

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays an important role on synchronizing the twenty-four-hour cycle of the body and promoting rest during darkness.

Front 57

motilin

Back 57

A hormone that stimulates periodic waves of contraction in the postabsorptive gut, which we identify as "stomach growling."

Front 58

myxedema

Back 58

A disorder of body fluid distribution caused by excessive production of mucopolysaccharides in tissues.

Front 59

neurohypophysis

Back 59

An extension of the hypothalamus that contains the axon terminals of neurosecretrory hypothalamic neurons.

Front 60

neurosecretory cells

Back 60

Neurons whose synapses release substances that pass into the blood and act as hormones.

Front 61

noradrenalin

Back 61

The catecholamine norepinephrine.

Front 62

norepinephrine

Back 62

The major transmitter chemical released by the sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Front 63

nuclear receptor

Back 63

Structure within the cell that interacts with mainly steroid hormones.

Front 64

oxytocin

Back 64

The octapeptide hormone primarily associated with labor and breast-feeding.

Front 65

parathormone (PTH)

Back 65

A hormone of the parathyroids that regulates bone growth and plasma Ca++ levels.

Front 66

paraventricular nucleus

Back 66

Releases the octapeptide hormone oxytocin.

Front 67

peptide

Back 67

A small protein that may range form as few as three amino acids to about thirty amino acids.

Front 68

phosphodiesterase

Back 68

An enzyme that converts cAMP to an active form.

Front 69

phospholipase C

Back 69

A membrane-bound enzyme that splits a small fraction of the plasma membrane's phospholipid into two signaling substances: inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol.

Front 70

placental lactogen

Back 70

A hormone that prepares breasts for lactation and mobilizes maternal nutrients for uptake by fetus.

Front 71

postabsorptive state

Back 71

Within a few hours after a meal, the body enters this state in which it is no longer receiving nutrients from food in the intestine and must begin to draw upon its reserves of stored energy.

Front 72

posterior lobe

Back 72

The neurohypophysis or pars nervosa of the pituitary gland.

Front 73

posttranslational processing

Back 73

A process that snips the prohormone's sequence at various points to yield the shorter sequences of the various hormones.

Front 74

progestins

Back 74

Gonadal female sex hormones.

Front 75

prohormone

Back 75

A physiologically inactive precursor of a hormone.

Front 76

prolactin (PRL)

Back 76

A hormone that has a critical role in sustaining milk production and in inhibiting reproductive cycling during lactation.

Front 77

proopiomelanocortin

Back 77

A protein sequence in which the primary transcript of the gene is translated and serves as a prohormone.

Front 78

prostaglandin

Back 78

The major class of eicosanoids that are key mediators in the control of blood flow and inflammation.

Front 79

protein kinases

Back 79

Activated kinases attach phosphate groups to intracellular enzymes, activating (or inhibiting them)- an example of allosteric regulation.

Front 80

renal erythropoietic factor

Back 80

A factor released when the kidney experiences an inadequate supply of oxygen that stimulates the synthesis of the hormone erythropoietin.

Front 81

renin

Back 81

An enzyme secreted by the kidney that is a protease that acts on angiotensinogen to split off angiotensin I.

Front 82

second messenger

Back 82

Relays a hormone's effect to molecules and structures inside the cell, amplifying the effect of one hormone binding event by acting on several intracellular targets.

Front 83

secretin

Back 83

A hormone that inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates alkali secretion by exocrine pancreas.

Front 84

sella turcica

Back 84

The pocket in the sphenoid bone that encloses the pituitary gland.

Front 85

somatostatin

Back 85

A somatotropin release-inhibiting factor that also serves as a GI tract hormone.

Front 86

somatotropin

Back 86

A growth hormone.

Front 87

targets

Back 87

A limited subset of body tissues affected by a given hormone.

Front 88

testosterone

Back 88

A gonadal male hormone.

Front 89

tetraiodothyronine (T4)

Back 89

A thyroid hormone that has four atoms of iodine bound to the two benzene rings of each hormonr molecule.

Front 90

thyroid follicles

Back 90

Millions compose the thyroid gland. Each follicle consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a central space filled with colloid.

Front 91

thyroxine

Back 91

One of two main hormones secreted bt t he thyroid.

Front 92

triidodthyronine (T3)

Back 92

A thyroid hormone that has three atoms of iodine bound to the two benzene rings of each hormone molecule.

Front 93

tropic hormones

Back 93

Hormones that control the function of other endocrine glands.

Front 94

troponin

Back 94

The Ca++ binding protein in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Front 95

tyrosine

Back 95

An aromatic amino acid from which the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine are derived.

Front 96

vasopressin

Back 96

An antidiuretic hormone.

Front 97

Which hormones are key mediators in the control of blood flow and inflammation?

Back 97

Prostaglandins

Front 98

What type of tissue is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland composed of?

Back 98

Neural

Front 99

What hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis?

Back 99

Growth hormone, Prolactin, Thyrotropin, Corticotropin, FSH Gonadotropin, LH Gonadotropin

Front 100

Which one of the following is composed of two protein chains called alpha and beta subunits?

Back 100

FSH

Front 101

The control of _______ release by the hypothalamus does not fit the pattern of other adenohypophyseal hormones, in which small peptides act as releasing factors or release-inhibiting factors.

Back 101

PRL

Front 102

The adrenal medulla is a branch of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes

Back 102

catecholamines.

Front 103

Which steroid plays an important role in regulating Na+ content and extracellular fluid volume?

Back 103

Aldosterone

Front 104

What is affected―directly or indirectly―by PTH?

Back 104

Bone, Intenstine, Kidney

Front 105

The day-night cycle of the __________ gland is set by light delivered to the eyes, so there are neural
connections between the retina and this gland.

Back 105

pineal

Front 106

To affect the synthesis of particular proteins, the complex of steroid hormone and its nuclear receptor must be able to interact with particular _______ in the nucleus.

Back 106

genes