A&p 2 Lecture - Digestive System

Front 1

Converts fructose and galactose to?

Back 1

Glucose

Front 2

Converts what two things into glucose?

Back 2

Fructose and galactose

Front 3

Stores excess glucose by converting it to? What is this process called?

Back 3

Glycogen; glycogenesis

Front 4

When blood glucose levels drop, releases glucose (cleaved from glycogen) into circulation (especially when stimulated by glucagon.). What is this process called?

Back 4

Glycogenolysis

Front 5

Process by the liver used to keep blood glucose levels within acceptable range and keeps the brain supplied with glucose.

Back 5

Glycogenolysis

Front 6

Synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrates (fats and amino acids) when glucose demand exceeds glycogen reserves. What is this process called?

Back 6

Gluconeogenesis

Front 7

Receives lactic acid generated by anaerobic glycolysis in skeletal muscles and converts it to _________ or _______, therefore, catalyzing the conversion of lactic acid to materials that can be used again for ATP generation.

Back 7

Glucose 6-phosphate; pyruvic acid

Front 8

Participates in the coating of _____ with HDL's for it's safe transport from the tissues back to the ______ and out of the body in the ______.

Back 8

HDL's; liver; bile

Front 9

Performs beta oxidation of fatty acids so these can't be used by the _________

Back 9

Mitochondria

Front 10

Can convert some available amino acids to other, Needed amino acids and other materials (like glucose) by ________ and __________

Back 10

transamnation; deamination

Front 11

After removing and amino group from an amino acid (__________), the remaining ketoacidosis can be converted to one of several materials that can be used in the _________ for ATP synthesis; can synthesize some of the nonessential amino acids.

Back 11

deamination; Krebs cycle

Front 12

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained in the diet to make necessary body proteins.

Back 12

"essential amino acids"

Front 13

Converts toxic ammonia generated by the breakdown of amino acids to less toxic _______ that can be excreted by the kidneys

Back 13

urea

Front 14

Synthesizes most of the plasma proteins including most clotting factors (procoagulants), albumin, angiotensinogen, complement factors, heparin, plasminogen, many globulins (other than ___________) and many other materials.

Back 14

immunoglobulins

Front 15

Stores several fat-soluble vitamins, including _______, ______, and _______.

Back 15

Vitamin A, D, and K

Front 16

Synthesizes ________ as it's digestive function

Back 16

bile

Front 17

Synthesizes bile as it's digestive function. Bile salts _________ fats so that they can be more easily digested by _________ enzymes.

Back 17

emulsify; lipase

Front 18

Detoxifies ethyl alcohol, many poisons and drugs; helps to eliminate ________ and other product of a erythrocyte breakdown via the bile pigments in the bile. Liver macrophages (________) remove most of the bacteria entering the liver in the hepatic portal blood. I

Back 18

bilirubin; Kupffer cells

Front 19

Breaks down or deactivates many hormones including _______, The sex steroids (________ and ______), __________ and _______.

Back 19

thyroid hormone; androgens, estrogens; epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 20

THERE ARE MANY OTHER FUNCTIONS NOT LOSTED. SOME AUTHORS CITE NEARLY ______ SEPARATE FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY THE LIVER'S MANY ENZYMES; all liver functions except ________ are performed by the hepatocytes.

Back 20

Phagocytosis

Front 21

All liver functions except phagocytosis are performed by the _______.

Back 21

hepatocytes

Front 22

The veins of the hepatic portal system brings blood from the spleen (which vein?), stomach, pancreas, small intestine (which vein?), And the colon (which vein?) to form the large, but short _______.

Back 22

Splenic vein; superior mesenteric vein; inferior mesenteric vein; hepatic portal vein

Front 23

In hepatic portal circulation, after the blood is processed by the liver, it is drained into the systemic circulation to/from the liver by the ________ into the inferior vena cava.

Back 23

From; hepatic veins

Front 24

In hepatic portal circulation, what happens if the liver is bypassed?

Back 24

Toxemia that can be fatal