A&p 2, Exam 2: The Brain

Front 1

Identify the regions of the brain (4).

Back 1

1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon
4. Brain Stem

Front 2

Identify the different external physical features of the cerebrum (4).

Back 2

1. Gyri: Pre-central & Post-central
2. Sulci: Lateral & Central
3. Hemispheres: Left & Right, divided by longitudinal fissure
4. Lobes: Frontal, Occipital, Temporal, Parietal

Front 3

Identify the different internal features of the cerebrum (3).

Back 3

1. Grey matter
2. White matter
3. Ventricles

Front 4

Identify the different cortexes (6), association areas (4), and integration areas (3) of the cerebrum.

Back 4

1. Cortexes:
___Visual cortex
___Auditory cortex
___Olfactory cortex
___Gustatory cortex
___Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus)
___Primary Sensory Cortex/Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)

2. Association Areas:
___Premotor Cortex
___Somatosensory Association Area
___Visual Association Area
___Auditory Association Area

3. Integration Areas:
___Prefrontal Cortex
___Broca’s Area
___Wernicke’s -Area

Front 5

Identify the different external features of the cerebellum (5).

Back 5

1. Hemispheres: Left & Right
2. Vermis
3. Lobes: Anterior & Posterior
4. Folia
5. Primary Fissure

Front 6

Identify the different internal features of the cerebellum (3).

Back 6

1. Cerebellar Cortex
2. Arbor Vitae
3. Cerebellar Peduncles
___Superior
___Middle
___Inferior

Front 7

Identify the structures that make up the diencephalon (6) and the brain stem (3).

Back 7

1. Diencephalon
___Thalamus: Right & Left
___Hypothalamus
___Epithalamus:
______Pineal Gland
___Pituitary Gland: Anterior and Posterior
___Infundibulum
___Interthalmic Adhesion

2. Brain Stem:
___Mesencephalon
___Pons
___Medula Oblongata

Front 8

What are the functions of the following:
1. Hypothalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Pineal gland

Back 8

1. The hypothalamus:
___Connection between the nervous and endocrine systems
___Structurally associated with mammillary bodies, superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
___Autonomic control: ANS
______a. Blood pressure, heart rate and contractility
______b. Respiration rate, Body heat gain/loss
______c. Satiety & thirst centers -Water balance ADH
______d. Circadian rhythms

2. The thalamus:
___Relays info between the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
___Sensory info. Synapse prior to cerebral cortex (except olfactory info)
___Filters sensory info for primary sensory cortex

3. The pineal gland:
Produces melatonin, controls circadian rhythm

Front 9

Identify the different regions of the mesencephalon/mid-brain (3). Of those that have nuclei, what are they?

Back 9

1. Cerebral Aqueduct
2. The Tegmentum:
___Nuclei: Substantia Negra
3. The Tectum:
___Corpora quadrigemina: Controls reflex movements in response to stimuli through two pairs of nuclei
______a. Superior Colliculi (Visual signals)
______b. Inferior Colliculi (Auditory signals)

Front 10

Identify the different ventricles (3). What pathways connect them (2)?

Back 10

1. Ventricles:
___3rd
___4th
___Lateral

2. Pathways:
___Interventricular Foramen: Connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle
___Cerebral Aqueduct: Connects 3rd Ventricle to 4th Ventricle

Front 11

Describe the functions of the cerebral spinal fluid (2).

Back 11

1. Protection of neural tissues
2. Transportation of nutrients, wastes and chemical signals

Front 12

What cells and structures are involved in producing CSF and where do we find these structures?

Back 12

1. Ependymal cells produce CSF
2. Found in the Choroid Plexus

Front 13

How much CSF do we produce in a day and how much every 6-8 hrs?

Back 13

1. 500mL/day produced
2. Total volume of 150mL (replaced every 6-8 hours)

Front 14

Name the apertures which cerebrospinal fluid will exit the 4th ventricle (2).

Back 14

1. Lateral apertures (2)
2. Median aperture

Front 15

Identify the different layers (3) and sub-layers of the meninges.

Back 15

1. Dura mater
___Endosteal Layer
___Meningeal Layer
___Subdural Space
2. Arachnoid Matter
___Subarachnoid Space
3. Pia Matter

Front 16

In terms of the meninges where do we find cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulating?

Back 16

Subarachnoid Space

Front 17

Name the structure which CSF will flow through to enter the superior sagittal sinus, then explain how CSF is able to enter the superior sagittal sinus.

Back 17

1. Arachnoid Granulations (composed of Arachnoid Villi)
2. The Arachnoid Granulations penetrate the meningeal layer of the dura mater, extending into the Superior Sagital Sinus, allowing CSF to pass through.

Front 18

Trace the flow of CSF from where it is found in the meninges to entering the major vein in the neck.

Back 18

1. Circulates through ventricles, fills central canal of spinal chord
2. Crosses into Subarachnoid Space through Lateral and Median apertures in 4th Ventricle
3. Crosses into Superior Sagital Sinus, joining venous blood supply, through Arachnoid Granulations
4. Drained through the Dural Sinuses into the Internal Jugular Veins

Front 19

Identify the different dural folds. What are the dural folds an extension of? What is their function?

Back 19

1. The folds:
___Falx cerebri
___Tentorium cerebelli
___Falx cerebell
2. They are extensions of the Inner layer of the Dura Mater
3. They provide additional stabilization and support to the brain.

Front 20

For the medulla oblongata, name the different nuclei found there and the function of each.

Back 20

1. Autonomic Nuclei
___a. Cardiovascular Center: Adjust heart rate, contraction strength, flow of blood
___b. Respiratory Rhythmicity Center: Influenced by DRG and VRG, set the pace for respiratory movement

2. “Relay Stations” along sensory and motor pathways
___a. Sensory
______i. Nucleus Gracilis (somatic sensory)
______ii. Nucleus Cuneatus (somatic sensory)
______iii. Solitary Nucleus (visceral sensory)
___a. Motor
______i. Olivary Nuclei (somatic motor)

Front 21

Describe the functions of the cerebellum.

Back 21

1. Maintaining posture
2. Involved in the learning and fine adjustment of movements

Front 22

What is the function of the pons and name the nuclei (2) associated there.

Back 22

1. Pons: A connection between the cerebrum, mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum, and spinal cord
2. Nuclei involved in regulation of respiration:
___a. Apneustic (Explicit functions?)
___b. Pneumotaxic

Front 23

How are ascending and descending tracts different?

Back 23

1. Ascending: Afferent, sensory
2. Descending: Efferent, motor

Front 24

What are the different parts of the cerebellar peduncles?

Back 24

1. Superior: Dien., Mesen. and Cerebrum
2. Middle: Nuclei of pons
3. Inferior: Nuclei of Med. Oblongata and Spinal Cord

Front 25

What is the reticular formation?

Back 25

1. Grey matter containing embedded nuclei extending from Med. Oblongata to Mid Brain,
2. Regulate vital autonomic functions

Front 26

What is the function of the reticular activating system?

Back 26

Visual and auditory sensory effects your level of consciousness and arousal.

Front 27

For the diencephalon, identify the location and function of the different regions (6).

Back 27

1. Thalamus:
___Right & Left: Relays information between basal nuclei cerebral cortex
___Sensory info synapse prior to cerebral cortex (except olfactory info)
___Filters sensory info for primary sensory cortex

2. Hypothalamus
___Connection between nervous and endocrine systems

3. Epithalamus:
___Pineal Gland
___Production of melatonin

4. Pituitary Gland: Anterior and Posterior
___Responsible for the integration of the nervous and endocrine system

5. Infundibulum
___Narrow stalk that, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

6. Interthalmic Adhesion
___Adheres the two sides of the thalamus

Front 28

For the hypothalamus, describe its functions and the functions of: infundibulum, mammillary bodies, suprachiasmatic nucleus, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.

Back 28

1. Infundibulum: Releases hormones into blood
2. Mammillary Bodies: Motor nuclei for eating reflexes
3. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Circadian rhythm
4. Supraoptic Nuclei: Produces vasopressin
5. Paraventricular Nuclei: Produces oxytocin

Front 29

Where do we find the origins for the autonomic nervous system?

Back 29

Hypothalamus

Front 30

What is the function of the limbic system and describe the functions of the Amygdaloid, hippocampus

Back 30

1. Limbic system:
___Memory storage and retrieval
___The desire to do something
___Creation of emotional states
___A link between higher functions and more primitive emotional responses

2. Amygdaloid:
___Linking emotions with specific memories

3. Hippocampus:
___Storage of new information into long term memory and it’s retrieval

Front 31

1. What are the other names for the primary motor and sensory cortexes?
2. Starting from the longitudinal fissure and going up and over the parietal lobe and down to the lateral sulcus how is the body laid-out in terms of which gyri are associated with which body part.
3. Which part/s of our body have the most surface area of the cortex dedicated to them - answer in terms of both the motor and sensory cortex

Back 31

1. Pre & Post-Central Gyri
2. The feets are medial, and as you move laterally along each gyrus, you’re moving “up” the body, to the face
3. Motor: Hands, face; Sensory: Hands, face

Front 32

Identify the different cortexes (4) and what form of sensory information they are responsible for.

Back 32

1. Auditory Cortex: Sound
2. Visual Cortex: Sight
3. Olfactory Cortex: Smell
4. Gustatory Cortex: Taste

Front 33

What is the function of the integrative centers?

Back 33

Recieve information from association areas and consequently direction motor activities

Front 34

What is the function of the Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas? The prefrontal cortex?

Back 34

1. Broca’s:
___Coordinates all vocalization functions

2. Wernicke’s (General Interpretive Area):
___Only in the left hemisphere
___Recieves sensory info from all association areas, interprets visual and auditory stimuli

3. Prefrontal Cortex:
___Abstract thought, “what if’s”
___Anxiety, frustration from predictions of future outcomes

Front 35

What does the term, Aphasia refer to? What structure/s in the brain would be involved with aphasia?

Back 35

1. Unable to speak, read, or understand spoken language
2. General interpretive area

Front 36

What are the functions of association fibers, longitudinal fasciculi, commissural fibers and projection fibers?

Back 36

1. Association Fibers: Connect areas of neural cortex within single hemisphere
2. Longitudinal Fasciculi: Frontal lobe to other lobes
3. Commissural Fibers: Connect the two hemispheres
4. Projection Fibers: Connect cerebral cortex to mid-brain

Front 37

1. What is the basic function of the basal nuclei and what are the different nuclei involved?
2. What disorders that are associated with the improper functioning of the basal nuclei?
3. What nuclei make-up the lentiform nucleus?

Back 37

1. Directing the processing of sensory information and the sending skeletal motor commands coordination of learned patterns of movement on an unconscious level.
2. Parkinsons, Dystonia
3. Globus pallidus, Putamen