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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
blood
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a liquid connective tissue composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
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formed elements
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99% are red blood cells and less than 1% white blood cells
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blood temperature and pH
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average 38 C or 100.4 F and 7.35-7.45 pH
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blood volume
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5-6 L about 8% of a persons total body weight
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blood transportation
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-blood transports oxygen from lungs to cells throughout the body and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
-it carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells, heat and waste products away from cells and hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells |
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blood regulation
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-blood helps regulate pH of the body fluid and keep it near 7.4
-blood transports heat and regulates body temperature |
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blood osmotic pressure
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mainly maintained by protein also influences amount of fluid in the tissue and cells
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blood protection
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-contains platelets and clotting factors that protect against blood loss from an injury
-carries WBCs, antibodies and other proteins like interferon and complements, which protect against pathogens |
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water in plasma
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91.5% of plasma is water
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protein in plasma
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7% of protein in plasma
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divisions of plasma protein
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albumins
globulins fibronogen |
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albumins
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account for 54% of plasma protein and helps maintain blood osmotic pressure
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globulins
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account for 38% of plasma proteins
-antibodies and immunoglobulins which are produced during immune response |
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fibronogen
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makes up 7% of plasma proteins and is key protein in formation of blood clots
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other plasma solutes
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electrolytes
nutrients gases regulatory substances -enzymes -hormones -vitamins -waste products |
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formed elements
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red blood cells
white blood cells platelets |
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hemopoeisis
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-process of formed elements formation
-after birth hemopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow in long bones |
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all blood cells come from
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pluripotent stem cell
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pluripotent stem cells generate 2 other types of stem cells
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myeloid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells |
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myeloid stem cells
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differentiate into "blast" cells from which RBCs, platelets, granular leukocytes and monocytes develop
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lymphoid stem cells
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begin their development in red bone marrow but complete in lymphatic tissues
-they differentiate into precursor cells from which the T and B lymphocytes develop |
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structure of RBCs
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known an erythrocytes and are biconcave disks averaging 8um in diameter
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hemoglobin
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main component responsible for red color of blood
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mature RBCs
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have no nucleus
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glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surfaces of RBCs are responsible for
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the blood typing of ABO and Rh
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hemes in hemoglobin
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can bind and transport the oxygen from lungs to tissue cells
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the function of hemes can be blocked by carbon monoxide
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and cause carboxyhemoglobinemia
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number of RBCs
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average about 4.5-5 million
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lower than normal RBCs
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anemia
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higher than normal RBCs
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erythrocytosis
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RBCs live
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about 120 days
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RBCs are phagocytized
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by macrophages in the spleen, liver and red bone marrow
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the recycle of RBCs hemoglobin, non-iron protein of heme is converted into
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bilirubin
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bilirubin
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yellow in color and secreted by liver into bile
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jaundice
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a yellowish coloration of skin, sclera and mucous membranes due to bilirubin in body
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jaundice can been seen in 4 cases
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-neonatal jaundice-due to immature liver function
-hepatocytic jaundice- bile tract obstruction -obstructive jaundice- stool is white and yellow face and sclera -hemolytic jaundice |
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erythropoeisis
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formation of new RBCs
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erythropoetin
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hormone made in kidneys in response to decrease in oxygen supply
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a precursor cell near the end of erythropoeisis
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reticulocyte; reflects bone marrow activity
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leukocytes
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WBCs that have a nucleus and are classified as either granular or agranular
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granular leukocytes
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neutrophils: pale lilac
eosinophils: bright pink basophils: large dark blue |
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angranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes
monocytes |
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functions of WBCs
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main defense system in body used to destroy pathogens
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monocytes migrate into infected tissues and develop into
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macrophages
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combat the effects of allergic reaction, phagocytize antigen-antibody complex and destroy some parasites
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eosinophils
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defense against allergic and inflammatory reactions
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basophils
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become plasma cells, active in the production of circulating antibodies against to the pathogens
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B cells
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attack viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells
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T cells
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attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells
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nature killer cells
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normal range of WBCs
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5,000-10,000 mm
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smallest formed element
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platelets or thrombocytes
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thrombocytes come from
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megakaryocytes
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megakaryocytes
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splinter into 2,000-3,000 fragments in the red bone marrow then enter the blood stream
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number and life span of platelets
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150,000-400,000 mm3 and life span of 5-9 days
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help stop blood loss by forming plug and releasing chemicals that promote clotting
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platelets
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a sequence of responses that stop bleeding when blood vessels are injured
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hemostasis
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process of hemostasis
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1.vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation 3. clotting |
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when a blood vessel is damaged, the smooth muscle in its wall contracts immediately, which reduces blood loss for several minutes to several hours, this is called
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vascular spasm
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the activated platelets become sticky and adhere to the defect to form a temp. plug. The granules of platelets release chemicals, which activate nearby platelets and sustain the vascular spasm
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platelet plug formation
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steps of clotting
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1. substances released from damaged tissues result in the formation of prothrombinase
2. prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin *calcium is need in this step 3. thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin |
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forms a network of threads that entraps plasma and blood cells to form a clot
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fibrin
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used in reducing the risk of thrombosis such as heart attack and stroke
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aspirin- it inhibits vascular spasm and platelet aggregation
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used as tissue plasminogen activator
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streptokinase
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plasmin can dissolve the clot by digesting fibrin threads, this is called
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fibrinolysis
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both body tissues and blood contain substances that can activate plasminogen to
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plasmin
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when clot is formed, _____ is incorporated into the clot
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plasminogen
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drugs that inhibit clotting and are called coagulants
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coumadin
heparin warfarin |
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produced by mast cells and basophils, inhibit the conversion of prothrombin and thrombin
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heparin
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acts as antagonist to vitamin K and thus blocks synthesis of 4 clotting factors
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warfarin
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produced by bacteria in Li; required for synthesis of prothrombin and thrombin; medicine used to stop bleeding
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vitamin K
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hyperfunction of clotting system may cause thrombosis such as
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myocardial infarction
cerebral thrombosis |
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deficiency of clotting factors causes bleeding disease such as
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hemophilia
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