A&p 2

Front 1

5 processes of the digestive tract

Back 1

mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, secretion, and defecation

Front 2

Breakdown of the food by pressure

Back 2

mechanical digestion

Front 3

chemical and enzymatic breakdown of food

Back 3

chemical digestion

Front 4

movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid

Back 4

absorption

Front 5

the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts by the digestive tract epithelium and by accessory digestive organs

Back 5

secretion

Front 6

excretion of unnecessary food stuffs

Back 6

Defecation

Front 7

oral mucosa is lined by

Back 7

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 8

Digestion of carbohydrates and lipids begin here

Back 8

Oral cavity (mouth)

Front 9

What initiates chemical digestion in the mouth?

Back 9

Salivary amylase and lingual lipase

Front 10

True or False: Nutrients are absorbed in the oral cavity

Back 10

FALSE

Front 11

What are the oral cavity boundaries of the Oral Cavity?

Back 11

1. anterior and lateral boundary

2. superior boundary
3. Posterior boundary
4. Floor

Front 12

What does the anterior and lateral boundary of the oral cavity consist of?

Back 12

Anterior boundary- labia (lips)
Later boundary - Cheeks

Front 13

What forms the Superior boundary of the oral cavity?

Back 13

Hard palate
& Soft Palate

Front 14

What is the hard & soft palate formed by?

Back 14

Hard palate- maxillary and palatine bones

soft- muscular region posterior to hard palate

Front 15

What's the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?

Back 15

Uvulva

Front 16

Free end of the soft palate that swings upward during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx

Back 16

Uvulva

Front 17

Whats the floor of the oral cavity?

Back 17

Tongue

Front 18

3 Structures of the Oral Cavity

Back 18

1. Vestibule
2. Labial frenulum

3. Gingivae (gums)

Front 19

Space between the cheek (or lips) and teeth

Back 19

Vestibule

Front 20

Attaches upper and lower lips to the gums

Back 20

Labial Frenulum

Front 21

Ridges of oral mucosa that surround the base of each tooth and is firmly attached to the periostea of the underlying bone.

Back 21

Gingivae (gums)

Front 22

Located outside/ around the oral cavity that secrete saliva into the oral cavity (3)

Back 22

1. parotid
2. submandibular
3. sublingual

Front 23

Part 2

Back 23

part 2

Front 24

3 parts of a tooth

Back 24

crown, neck, root

Front 25

Portion projecting into the oral cavity from the surface of the gums

Back 25

crown

Front 26

the boundary between the crown and the root

Back 26

neck

Front 27

portion below the gum line that sits in a bony tooth socket called __

Back 27

root, an alveolus

Front 28

bulk of each tooth is composed of

Back 28

dentin

Front 29

mineralized matrix similar to bone but contains no cells

Back 29

dentin

Front 30

the interior chamber of the tooth

Back 30

pulp cavity

Front 31

covers the dentin in the root

Back 31

cementum

Front 32

creates gomphosis articulation between root dentin and alveolar bone

Back 32

Periodontal ligament

Front 33

Narrow tunnel within the root of the tooth that is the passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the pulp cavity

Back 33

Root canal

Front 34

Covers the dentin of the crown. Hardest biologically manufactured substance. composed of calcium phosphate

Back 34

enamel

Front 35

The 4 types of teeth

Back 35

incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars

Front 36

Blade shaped teeth with a single root. useful for clipping or cutting

Back 36

Incisors

Front 37

Conical with a sharp ridgeline and pointed tip. used for tears or slashing. single root

Back 37

Cuspids (canines)

Front 38

Have flattened crowns with prominent ridges. Used for crushing, mashing, or grinding. 1 or 2 roots

Back 38

Bicuspics (premolars)

Front 39

Very large flattened crows with prominent ridges. Adapted for crushing and grinding. Typically have 3 roots or 2 roots.

Back 39

Molars

Front 40

Also called primary teeth, milk teeth, or baby teeth. At 2 years of age..

Back 40

Primaryy dendition (Deciduous teeth)
20 deciduous teeth

Front 41

Third molars are called

Back 41

wisdom teeth

Front 42

how many permanent teeth do you have?

Back 42

32

Front 43

Inflammation of the gingivae?

Back 43

Gingivities

Front 44

Generally results from action of bacteria normally found in mouth

Back 44

tooth decay

Front 45

Bacteria adhere to tooth surfaces and trap food particles that produce deposits called

Back 45

dental plaque

Front 46

Membrane-lined cavity posterior to the nose and mouth thats continuous with esophagus and is common passageway for solid food, liquids and air

Back 46

Pharynx

Front 47

Narrow, flat muscular tube that conveys food from the pharynx to the stomach

Back 47

Esophagus

Front 48

Esophagus is lined by?

Back 48

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 49

upper part of the esophagus and lower part is what kind of muscle?

Back 49

upper-skeletal
lower-smooth

Front 50

Esophagus has 2?

Back 50

sphincters.
upper and lower esophageal sphincters

Front 51

How does the esophagus move food

Back 51

peristalsis

Front 52

Through peristalsis, the food enters into the abdominopelvic cavity through

Back 52

esophageal hiatus (opening of diaphragm)

Front 53

Layers of the esophageal wall features

Back 53

Mucosa(non keratinized squamous epithelium)
Muscularis externa
No serosa (adventitia)

Front 54

what are the 3 phases of swallowing or deglution?

Back 54

1. Buccal phase (strictly voluntary)
2. Pharyngeal phase
3. Esophageal phase

Front 55

The stomach is shape is highly ?

Back 55

variable depending on contents

Front 56

an empty stomach

Back 56

muscular tube with constricted lumen

Front 57

full stomach

Back 57

can expand to contain 1-1.5 liters of material (chyme)

Front 58

viscous, highly acidic, soupy mixture formed from the combination of food, saliva, and gastric gland secretions

Back 58

chyme

Front 59

forms the medial surface of stomach? where is it attached to?

Back 59

lesser curvature

attached to the mesentery of the lesser omentum

Front 60

forms the lateral and inferior surfaces of the stomach

Back 60

Greater curvature

Front 61

Where is the greater curvature attached to?

Back 61

the mesentery of the greater omentum

Front 62

What are the stomach regions

Back 62

fundus, cardia, body, and pylorus

Front 63

Superior to the junction between the stomach and esophagus

Back 63

Fundus

Front 64

Superior, medial portion within 3 cm of gastroesophageal junction that secretes mucus to protect esphagus from stomach acid/enzymes

Back 64

cardia

Front 65

largest region between the fundus and pylorus that functions as a mixing bowl

Back 65

body

Front 66

sharp curbe of "J" of the stomach.

Back 66

Pylorus

Front 67

2 regions of the Pylorus

Back 67

Pyloric antrum and pyloric canal

Front 68

PART 3

Back 68

PART 3

Front 69

layers of the stomach wall

Back 69

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Front 70

has deep folds that form gastic glands and is composed of simple columnar epithelium

Back 70

mucosa

Front 71

oblique, circular, and longitudianl layers

Back 71

muscularis externa

Front 72

extend deep into the lamina propria and are glands in the fudus and body

Back 72

gastric glands

Front 73

Secrete most of the acid and enzymes enabling gastric digestion

Back 73

gastric glands

Front 74

Gastric glads contain what cells?

Back 74

parietal cells, cheif cells, gastic neck cells, and enteroendocrine cells

Front 75

Gastric glands secret how much gastric juice each day?

Back 75

1.5L

Front 76

Shallow depressions opening onto the interior surface of the stomach

Back 76

Gastric pits

Front 77

What is at the base of each pit and what do they do?

Back 77

active stem cells that replace superficial cells shed into the chyme

Front 78

Each pit communicates with

Back 78

several gastric glands

Front 79

Parietal cells secrete

Back 79

intrinsic factor and hydrocholoric acid

Front 80

Glycoprotein that acids in vitamin B12 absorption

Back 80

Intrinsic factor

Front 81

activates pepsinogen and keeps stomat at ph 1.5-2

Back 81

Hydrochloric acid

Front 82

Produce a variety of hormones

Back 82

G cells (enteroendocrine cells)

Front 83

secrete pepsinogen

Back 83

chief cells

Front 84

activated by HCL to become pepsin

Back 84

pepsinogen

Front 85

activates proteolytic enzyme

Back 85

pepsin

Front 86

In infants, cheif cells also secret

Back 86

rennin and gastric lipase important for digestion of milk

Front 87

Parietal cells do not create

Back 87

HCL in their cytoplasm (it would destroy the cell)

Front 88

transported and secreted separately

Back 88

h and cl

Front 89

H+ is generated as carbonic anhydrase converts __ and ___ to ____.

Back 89

CO2 AND H2O to carbonic acid

Front 90

carbonic acid dissociates into

Back 90

bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

Front 91

plays key role in nutrient digestion and absorption

Back 91

small intestion

Front 92

90% of nutrient absorption occurs in_ and 10% in__

Back 92

small intestine. large intestine.

Front 93

average overall length of small intestine & diameter

Back 93

6m (19.7 ft)
diameter ranges from 4cm to 2.5cm

Front 94

three segments of the small intestine

Back 94

1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum

Front 95

In the small intestine... series of transverse folds along the intestinal lining that are mostly found in the jejunum

Back 95

circular folds

Front 96

fingerlike projections of mucosa covered by epithelial cells

Back 96

Intestinal villi (singular=villus)

Front 97

What are the internal structures of the villus?

Back 97

extensive capillary network in the lamina propria and lymphatic capillary or lacteal

Front 98

carries absorbed nutrients to the hepatic portal circulation

Back 98

extensive capillary network in the lamina propria

Front 99

Transports materials that can't enter blood capillaries

Back 99

lymphatic capillary or lacteal

Front 100

carpet of microvilli on the surface of the epithelial cells that increases surface area for absorption and contatins enzymes that digest materials

Back 100

brush border

Front 101

5 major hormones that regulate digestive activities

Back 101

1. gastrin
2. secretin

3. gastic inhibitory peptide (GIP)
4. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
5. Vasoactive Intestinal peptide (VIP)

Front 102

3 phases of gastric secretion

Back 102

1. cephalic phase
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase

Front 103

begins when you see, smell, taste, or think of food (CNS)

Back 103

cephalic phase

Front 104

begins with stimuli as food enters the stomach

Back 104

gastric phase

Front 105

begins when chyme enters duodenum (usually after several hours of mixing)

Back 105

intestinal phase

Front 106

Distention of the duodenum initiates the

Back 106

enterogastric relex

Front 107

Also known as large bowel

Back 107

large intestine

Front 108

3 major functions of large intestine

Back 108

1. reabsorbing water and compacting contents into feces
2. absorbing important vitamins generated by bacterial action
3. storing fecal material prior to defecation

Front 109

3 segments of the large intestine

Back 109

1. cecum
2. colon
3. rectum

Front 110

4 regions of colon

Back 110

1. ascending colon
2. transverse colon
3. descending colon
4. Sigmoid colon

Front 111

Expandable for temporary feces storage

Back 111

rectum

Front 112

Distal portion of rectum

Back 112

anal canal

Front 113

anal canal contain small longitudinal folds called

Back 113

anal columns

Front 114

in anal canal, epithelium transtions from

Back 114

columnar to stratified squamous epithelium

Front 115

increased venous pressure can distend the veins producing

Back 115

hemmorrhoids

Front 116

inner circular smooth muscle layer that is not under voluntary control

Back 116

internal anal sphincter

Front 117

outer skeletal muscle layer that is under voluntary control

Back 117

external anal sphincter

Front 118

exit of the anal canal? what happens to the epidermis here?

Back 118

anus.
becomes keratinized

Front 119

Omental(fatty) appendices

Back 119

teardrop-shaped sacs of fat in the serosa of the colon

Front 120

3 long longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that run along outer colon surface deep to the serosa that correspond to the outer layer of the muscularis externa in other digestive tract portions

Back 120

Taeniae coli

Front 121

series of pouches in the colon wall created by muscle tone of the taeniae coli

Back 121

haustra

Front 122

Absorptions that occur in the large intestine

Back 122

1. minimal nutrient absorption (10%)
2. vitamin absorption (biotin, vitamin K, vitamin B5)
3. water reabsorption (prevents dehydration)

Front 123

the accessory organs of the digestive organs

Back 123

salivary glands
gallbladder
pancreas
liver

Front 124

produce saliva containing mucins and enzymes

Back 124

salivary glands

Front 125

stores and concentrates bile secreted by liver

Back 125

gallbladder

Front 126

exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes
ENDOcrine cells secrete several hormones

Back 126

Pancreas

Front 127

almost 200 known functions

Back 127

liver

Front 128

How many pairs of salivary glands are there

Back 128

3

Front 129

increases salivary secretion

Back 129

parasympathetic stimulation

Front 130

cells of the salivary glands and ducts

Back 130

duct cells, mucous cells, serous cells

Front 131

assist in the secretion of buffers and antibodies

Back 131

duct cells

Front 132

secrete mucins, water, and buffers

Back 132

Mucous cells

Front 133

Secrete amylase and lysozyme and transports antibodies from interstitial fluid into salive

Back 133

serous cells

Front 134

antibacterial enzyme

Back 134

lysozyme

Front 135

what percent of saliva is water

Back 135

99.4%

Front 136

4 functions of saliva

Back 136

1. constantly flushes oral surfaces
2. buffers pH mouth near 7.0 - prevents build up of acids
3. contains antibodies
4. mixes with food to form a bolus to be easily swallowed

Front 137

largest visceral organ and gland?

Back 137

Liver

Front 138

what are the 4 lobes of the liver

Back 138

right left caudate and quadrate

Front 139

right lobe is separated from the left lobe by___

Back 139

falciform ligament

Front 140

a thickening in the posterior margin of the falciform ligament

Back 140

round ligament

Front 141

associated structures of the liver (3)

Back 141

1. gallbladder
2. common bile duct
3. porta hepatis (doorway to liver)

Front 142

temporarily stores bile produced by the liver

Back 142

gallbladder

Front 143

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

Back 143

common bile duct

Front 144

region containing blood vessels and other structures entering the liver within the less omentum

Back 144

porta hepatis

Front 145

basic functional units of the liver

Back 145

liver lobules

Front 146

liver contains how many lobules

Back 146

approx 100,000 liver lobules

Front 147

adjacent lobules are separated by an

Back 147

interlobular septum

Front 148

hexagonal shape in cross section is surrounded by

Back 148

six portal ares (one at each corner of the lobule)

Front 149

also referred to as portal triad

Back 149

portal area

Front 150

portal area contains what three structures

Back 150

1. a branch of the hepatic portal vein
2. branch of the hepatic artery proper
3. bile duct

Front 151

Branches from the arteries and veins of each portal area deliver blood where

Back 151

liver sinusoids of adjacent liver lobules

Front 152

liver lobules and liver sinusoids contain