A&p 1 Module 1

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

science of body structures and the realtionships amongst them

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

science of body functions

Front 3

levels of biological organization

Back 3

chemical

cellular

cells

tissue

organ

system

organismal

Front 4

chemical

Back 4

atoms, molecules, compounds.

Front 5

cellular

Back 5

molecules combine with other molecules to form cells, basic strucutral and functional units of an organism

Front 6

tissue

Back 6

groups of similar cells and the materials that surround them perform a particular fucntion. 4 basic types epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective

Front 7

organ

Back 7

two or more different tissue types interact together to perform specific functions. i.e. kidney, liver, heart, brain.

Front 8

system

Back 8

groups of ornfan that have a common function. 11 total

Front 9

organismal

Back 9

highest most complex level. collection of all system to form the organism, a living individual

Front 10

intergumentary

Back 10

skin, skin glands, hair, nails

protects the body, helps regulate temperature and detects sensation to touch

Front 11

skeletal

Back 11

bones, joints, ligaments

forms framework of body, attachment site for muscles, stores calcium, site of blood production

Front 12

muscular

Back 12

muscle, tendons

produce movement, maintain body positions and generate heat.

Front 13

endocrine

Back 13

glands that produce hormones, adrenal, testes, ovaries

help maintain homeostasis and body functions by releasing hormones into the blood.

Front 14

cardiovascular

Back 14

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

pumps blood throughout the body delivering oxygen and nutrients removing waste products

Front 15

lyphatic

Back 15

spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes

return fluid from tissue spaces to the blood and protect against foreign pathogens

Front 16

respiratory

Back 16

trachea, bronchi, lungs

supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood

Front 17

digestive

Back 17

stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

breakdown food into smaller molecules, absorb nutrients and eliminate waste products

Front 18

urinary

Back 18

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

produces, store and eliminate urine while also help maintain fluid, electrolyte and blood Ph balance

Front 19

reproductive

Back 19

testes, ovaries, penis, vagina, uterus

produce, develop. store and release gametes (eggs and sperm)

Front 20

metabolism

Back 20

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Front 21

catabolism

Back 21

break down of large molecules into smaller ones to provide the energy needed to maintain life

Front 22

anabolism

Back 22

building up of smaller olecules into larger ones needed using the energy from catabolism

Front 23

resposiveness

Back 23

ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment

Front 24

movement

Back 24

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cels or organelles inside cells

Front 25

growth

Back 25

increase in size of existing cells. an increase in the number of cells or the amount of substance surrounding the cells

Front 26

differentiation

Back 26

change in a cell from an unspecilized state to a specialized state.

Front 27

stem cell

Back 27

cell that has not gone under differentiation

Front 28

reproduction

Back 28

formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement. or production of new individual

Front 29

intracellular fluid

Back 29

fluid within the cells

Front 30

extra cellular fluid

Back 30

fluid outside of body cells

Front 31

synovial fluid

Back 31

found within moveable joints

Front 32

lymph

Back 32

found within lymphatic vessels

Front 33

interstitial fluid

Back 33

found within the tissue spaces

Front 34

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 34

found surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Front 35

plasma

Back 35

found within blood vessels

Front 36

aqueors humor and vitrous body

Back 36

found in the chambers of the eyes

Front 37

homestasis

Back 37

condition of equilibrium in the bodies internal environment due to constant interaction of the bodies main regulatory system

Front 38

autoregulation

Back 38

activitires of the cells tissue, organ or system changes on its won response to environmental changes in the ares

Front 39

nervous system

Back 39

works quickly, sends electrical signals to specific cells or organs that counteract the changes

Front 40

endocrine

Back 40

takes longer to respond because it secretes hormones into the blood. effects last longer.

Front 41

symptoms

Back 41

changes of a disorder ir disease taht are experienced by a person but not apparent to an observer

Front 42

signs

Back 42

objective changes of a disorder or disease that can be observed or measured

Front 43

receptor

Back 43

body structure that detects a change in the environment

Front 44

control center

Back 44

body structure thatr processes information from the receptor. brain or spinal cord

Front 45

effector

Back 45

cell or organ that responds to the commands from the control center to counteract or enhance the original stimuli or stress

Front 46

negative feedback system

Back 46

when a response from the body reverses te effects of the original stimulus. temperature regulation, blood volume regulation, blood sugar regulation. most common type of feedback

Front 47

positive feedback systm

Back 47

when a response from the body enhances or increases the effects of the original stimulus. blood clotting, child birth hormone release.

Front 48

anatomical position

Back 48

standing erect, facing forward, arms are at sides, palms facing forward, legs parallel, feet flat on floor.

Front 49

supine

Back 49

body is laying down with face up

Front 50

prone

Back 50

body is laying down with face down

Front 51

anterior

Back 51

towards the front of the body

Front 52

posterior

Back 52

towards the back of the body

Front 53

superior

Back 53

above or towards the head

Front 54

inferior

Back 54

below or towards the feet

Front 55

medial

Back 55

nearer to the midline of the body

Front 56

lateral

Back 56

farther away from the midlune or toward the side

Front 57

superficial

Back 57

on or near the surface of the body

Front 58

deep

Back 58

inward or away from the outer surface of the body

Front 59

proximal

Back 59

toward the attachment to the trunk of the body or nearer to the beginning of the structure

Front 60

distal

Back 60

farther away from the attachemtn to the trunk of the body

Front 61

abdominal regions

Back 61

Front 62

thoracic cavity

Back 62

consists of pericardial, pleura, mediastinum

Front 63

pericardial

Back 63

containts the heart

Front 64

pleural

Back 64

contains the lungs

Front 65

mediastinum

Back 65

contains the esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels, and pericardial sac.

Front 66

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 66

upper abdominal and lower pelvic

Front 67

upper abdominal

Back 67

contains the stomach, spleen, liver and small interstines and most of the large intestines

Front 68

lower pelvic

Back 68

contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and lowe portion of large intestines

Front 69

vicera

Back 69

three layers of protective membranes on the dorsal cavity

Front 70

serous membranes

Back 70

function to secrete a slippery fluid to prevent friction as organs rub agains each other on nearby structures

Front 71

viceral layer

Back 71

attached to outer surface of organs

Front 72

parietal layer

Back 72

attached to the inner walls of cavities, most superficial layer

Front 73

parietal pleural

Back 73

lines the pleaural cavities

Front 74

parietal pericardium

Back 74

lines the pericardial cavity

Front 75

pariental peritneum

Back 75

lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 76

Tissue

Back 76

group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

Front 77

nervous

Back 77

detects changes in the environment and responds by initiating nerve signals to help coordinate body activities and maintain homestasis.

Front 78

muscular

Back 78

generates force and is responsible for movement.

Front 79

epithelial

Back 79

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, forms glands

Front 80

connective

Back 80

most tissue falls in this "miscelenous" category.

protects and supports the body and its organs, binds or holds organs together as a unit, stores energy reserves for the body and provides immunity

Front 81

tight junctions

Back 81

web-like strands that allow lipid portons of adjecent membranes to tightly bound together to prevent the passage of water and solutes between cells. found in the lining of stomach, bladder and intestines

Front 82

adherens

Back 82

dense layer of protein on the inner surgace of the plasma membrane bound to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and transmembrane proteins forming a very tight anhor. found in epithelial tissue lining and hollow cavities

Front 83

desmosomes

Back 83

small patches of plaque reinforced by intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton forming very tight junctions that resists stretching or twisting. found between layers of skin and between cardiac muscle cells of the heart

Front 84

hemidesmosomes

Back 84

hold the bottom layer of cells to the underlying basement membrane

Front 85

gap junctions

Back 85

formed by channel proteins, permitt small molecules to pass from one cel to another quickly and easily. found between the cells of the heart and skeletal musclesm intestines and some nerve tissues.

Front 86

epithelial tissue

Back 86

lots of cell junctions
little extra cellular fluid

attached to the basement membrane

has its own nerve supply

does NOT have its own blood supply

in charge of protection, filtration, secretion, absorption and excretion.

Front 87

endocrine glands

Back 87

secrete their products directly into the blood stream to be distributed throughout the body by the blood vessels. pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid glands and pituitary gland.

Front 88

exocrine glands

Back 88

secrete their products into ducts which empty onto the external surface of the body or into a hollow cavity within the body such as parts of the figestive tract. sweat and oil glands, tear glands, salivary glands, gall bladder.

Front 89

connective tissue

Back 89

extracellular matrix

very few cell junctions

not found on the surface of the body

does not have a nerve supply

highly vascular

in charge of binding or supporting and strengthening other tissue types, protect and insulate internal organs, divide organs into smaller sections, major site of long term energy storage, main site of immune responses

Front 90

immature cells

Back 90

end in blast

produce the matrix

Front 91

mature cells

Back 91

end in cyte

maintain the matrix once it's formed.

Front 92

fibroblast

Back 92

cells that secrete the fibers and ground substance that forms the matrix f connective tissue

Front 93

chondroblast

Back 93

cartilage tissue

Front 94

osteoblast

Back 94

bone tissue

Front 95

macrophages

Back 95

type of WBC able to engulf or eat bacteria, damaged cell parts.

Front 96

plasma cells

Back 96

type of WBC that secrete antibodies

Front 97

mast cells

Back 97

found along vessels and secrete the chemical histamine that dilates (widens) small blood vessels to stimulate localized inflamation.

Front 98

adipocytes

Back 98

store triglyceride for energy reserves, shock absorption and thermal insulation

Front 99

WBC

Back 99

found in blood, can migrate to connective tissue to fight localized infections

Front 100

Ground substance

Back 100

found between the cells and fibers that make up connective tissue.

Front 101

glycosaminoglycans

Back 101

complex combinations of polysaccarides and proteins that help the ground substance trap water making it more jelly like.

Front 102

hyaluric acid

Back 102

viscous, slippery substace that binds cells together and helps lubricate join surfaces.

Front 103

chondroitin sulfate

Back 103

provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels

Front 104

protein fibers

Back 104

scattered throughout the matrix and function to strenghten and support connective tissue. 3 main types

Front 105

collagen fibers

Back 105

very strong flexible fibers that resist pulling foces, found in parallel bundles. found in bone, cartilage, ligaments and tendons

Front 106

elastic fibers

Back 106

smaller than collage, bungee cord like fibers used to provide strenght to the tissue. can strech without breaking and return to original shape, found in large amounts in the skin, lungs and blood vessels.

Front 107

reticular fibers

Back 107

thiner than collage, form ranched netweoks of fibers that form the framework of soft organs like spleen and lymph nodes. form the basement membranes of epithelial tissues, net like.

Front 108

mesenchyme

Back 108

mature connective tissues originated from the embryonic connective tissues

Front 109

loose connective tissue

Back 109

fibers that are loosely interwined between cells

Front 110

areolar connective tissue

Back 110

found in subcutaneous layer of skin, connecting skin to underlying structures.

Front 111

adipose tissue

Back 111

contains many cells called adipocytes, helps in stoage of triglycerides for energy reserves and provides insulation as well as shock absorber to protect organs

Front 112

reticular connective tissue

Back 112

contains reticular fibersthat form the framework for soft tissue organs like the liver, spleen and lymph nodes

Front 113

dense connective tissue

Back 113

numerous and thicker protein fibers, fewer cells.

Front 114

dense regular connective tissue

Back 114

contains fibers that are arranged in parallel patters for strenght, found in tendons and ligaments

Front 115

dense irregular connective tissue

Back 115

fibers that are arranged in an irregular pattern, found in areas where pulling forces are exerted in various directions like skin, pericardium and valves of the heart.

Front 116

elastic connective tissue

Back 116

contains branching elastic fibers allowing tissues to recoil to their original shape after being streched. found in lungs, blood vessels and vocal cords

Front 117

cartilage

Back 117

contains chondrocytes located in spaces in the extracellular matrix called lacunae. can endure more mechanical stress than other types of connective tissue. generally covered by a dense irregular membrane called the perichondrium. three main types

Front 118

hyaline cartilage

Back 118

most abundant and weakest type of cartilage. found at the end of bones where spongy gel of the matrix reduces friction and absorbs shock at the joint surfaces

Front 119

fibrcartilage

Back 119

strongest of cartilage types with collagen fibers arranged in bundles. found exclusively in the intervertebral discs. provides cushion to compression forces to the spine

Front 120

elastic cartilage

Back 120

consists of elastic fibers that allow structures to be flexible yet maintain their shape. external ear and tip of nose.

Front 121

bone

Back 121

made of rings of hard matrix (lamellae). calcium and phosphorus mineral salts in the matrix give tissue its protein. collagen fibers give it strenght and flexibility. can be either compact or spongy. primary function is so support soft tissues and protection of delicate structures. contains red bone marrow whwere RBC's and WBC's are produced. contains yellow bone marrow where adipose tissue is stored

Front 122

liquid connective tissue

Back 122

very fluid-like extracellular matrix with very few protein fibers. two pain types

Front 123

blood (vascular tissue)

Back 123

contains liquid matrix called plasma with different cells in it

Front 124

erythrocytes (RBC's)

Back 124

help transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 125

leukocytes (WBC's)

Back 125

involved in the immunite and allergic reactions

Front 126

platelets

Back 126

function in blood clotting

Front 127

lymph

Back 127

extracellular fluid, resembles blood but contains less protein. may contain lymphocytes (type of WBC. high dietary lipid content.

Front 128

membranes

Back 128

flat sheet of pliable tissue that lines or covers a part of the body

Front 129

cutaneous membrane (skin)

Back 129

skin that covers the outside of the body, made of the epidermis and the dermis

Front 130

serous membrane

Back 130

line cavities sealed within the body, do not open directly to the exterior (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities) functions to produce a slippery fluid that allows organs to glide easily over one another without creating friction.

Front 131

synovial membranes

Back 131

surround freely moveable joint spaces to produce a fluid which lubricates and nourishes the hyline cartilage covering at the ends of bones. prevents fluid from escaping

Front 132

mucous membrane

Back 132

line cavities that open directly with the exterior of the body (digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts) serves an important part in the bodys immune system as it traps and prevents bacteria and other microbes from entering further into the body.

Front 133

muscle tissues

Back 133

highly specialized tissue for contract and relaxation. produces body moveent, maintains body position and generates heat.

Front 134

skeletal muscle

Back 134

attached to bones

appears striped alternating light dark bands.

long and cylindrical in shape

cells have more than 1 nucleus located near edge

cells are arranged parallel to each other

voluntary, or under conscious control

Front 135

cardiac muscle

Back 135

forms the bulk of the wall of the heart

cells appear striped

cylindrical in shape but are branched to form a network throughout the tissue

one nucleus, centrally located

connected to each other with desmosomes and gap junctions in areas called intercalated disks

involuntary, not under conscious control

Front 136

smooth muscle (visceral muscle)

Back 136

found in the walls of internal hollow structures and organs

cells are thicker in center and pointed at ends

nonstriated, smooth looking

uni-nucleated (have one nucleus) centrally locate

connected by gap junctions

voluntary, not under conscious control

Front 137

neurons

Back 137

respond to stimuli, conduct impulses to other nerve cells, the spinal cord and brain, muscle fibers or glands

Front 138

cell body

Back 138

central part of the cell which contains the nucleus

Front 139

dendrites

Back 139

highly branched extensions from the cell body which receive impulses and relay them to the cell body

Front 140

axon

Back 140

single, long processes which conduct impulses from the cell body to the next neuron or other structure receiving signal

Front 141

neuroglia (glial cells)

Back 141

cells that tprotect and support the neurons. do not conduct nervous impulses

Front 142

parachyma cells

Back 142

form the bulk of the functioning part of the tissue or organ. in muscle tissue is the muscle cell, in liver tissue is the hepatocytes, in skin is the epithelia cells. if they undergo cell divion and replace the damaged tissue a near perfect repair occurs and no sign of damage is visible.

Front 143

stroma cells

Back 143

cells that form the supporting connective tissue of an organ. if they are active in repair, protein fibers produced by fibroblasts will fill in damaged area and result in the formation of a scar

Front 144

intergumentary system

Back 144

composed of the skin and seceral accessory structures such as hair, nails and glands (sweat and oil), provides first line of defense against infection

Front 145

subcutaneous

Back 145

deeper layer of tissue also called the hypodermis

Front 146

epidermis

Back 146

composed of stratified squamous epithelium

outermost layer of skin

between 40 and 50 layers that vary in shape and function

continuously shed&replaced about every 4 week

provides physical barrier for microbes and chemicals from entering the body

prevents water from entering or leaving the body

Front 147

dermis

Back 147

mid level layer of skin. composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers. divided into several regions

Front 148

papillary region

Back 148

upper region, contains many small capillaries to supply the basal layer of the epidermis, contains nerve receptors and free nerve endings that when stimulated give rise to sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickleing, and itching.

Front 149

dermal papillae

Back 149

small finger like projections which cause epidermal ridges to form on the surface of the skin covering the pads of the fingers (fingerprints)

Front 150

finger prints

Back 150

made up of dermal papillae, genetically determined, unique to each person, make it easier to grab and hold on to objects

Front 151

Reticular Region

Back 151

deeper layer, contains larger blood vessels, some adipose tissue, the hair roots and follicles, nerves, oild glands, and the ducts for the sweat glands.

Front 152

elasticity

Back 152

ability to strech and return to original shape

Front 153

striae

Back 153

strech marks, produced by extreme stretching, small tears inthe dermis.

Front 154

subcutaneous layer

Back 154

also called the hypodermi, not part of the skin, but supports and connects the skin to underlying strucutres. made up of loose areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue. contains a lot of matrix with few isolated cells. this is where infants store baby fat, adults store pot belly. it is where some drugs are administered.

Front 155

keratinocytes

Back 155

cells taht are found in the superficial layer of the epodermis, make up about 90% of all skin cells. go thorugh changes as the move closer to the surface. produce keratin.

Front 156

keratin

Back 156

protein that helps to waterproof the skin and protects the underlying tissues from heat, bacteria and most chemicals.

Front 157

langerhans cells

Back 157

cells that funtion in the skins immune response and are easily damaged by ultra violet radiation.

Front 158

melanocytes

Back 158

cells that produce melanin

Front 159

melanin

Back 159

pigment responsibel for skin color, responsible for absorption of ultra-violet radiation protecting the nuclear DNA from being damaged

Front 160

merkel cells

Back 160

found in the deepest layer of the epidermis, responsible for detecting different aspects of fine touch and pressure.

Front 161

Stratum basale

Back 161

layer of basal cells (cube shaped) capabel of cell division, multiplying and forming layers of keratinocytes. contain merkel cells and melanocytes)

Front 162

stratum germinatium

Back 162

another name for stratul basale

Front 163

stritum spinosum

Back 163

contains cells with an irrefular shape, many with spike-like projections. contains largenhan cells

Front 164

stratum granulosum

Back 164

contains 3-5 layers of flattened cells which still have a nucleus that contol the production of large amounts of the protein keratin. in upper layers the nucleus framents and the cells die

Front 165

stratum lucidum

Back 165

fond in the thick skin of the palms of the harnds and soles of the feet. made of 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells and large amounts of keratin and thick plasma membranes. appears whic or clear in color.

Front 166

stratum corneum

Back 166

outer layer of the epidermis, contains 25-30 rows of flat, dead cells, completely filled with keratin. water resistant but not water proof. helps with dehaydration and form a physical barrier preventing microbes from entering the body.

Front 167

free nerve endings

Back 167

found in the outer papillary region of the dermis and provide the sensations of temperature, pain, tickling, and itching.

Front 168

lamellated corpuscles

Back 168

found in the reticular region of the dermis and subQ layer and provide the sesation of deep pressure and rapid vibrations

Front 169

meissner corpuscles

Back 169

found in the outer papillary region of the dermis on skin surfaces that lack hair, also provide the sensation of touch, pressure and slow vibrations.

Front 170

merkel cells

Back 170

found in the deepest (basal) layers of the epidermis, provide the sensation of light touch and pressure.

Front 171

melanin

Back 171

comes in different colors, gives skin the tan look. number of melanocytes are the same in all people, the color variation is due to type of melanin produced and the amount released to the surrounding tissue.

Front 172

freckles

Back 172

darker patches of skin also called liver spots

Front 173

albanism

Back 173

genetic condition in which the body doesnt produce any melanin

Front 174

vitiligo

Back 174

partiol or complete loss of melanocytes in patches of skin resulting in irregular white patches. antibodies attack the melanocytes

Front 175

carotene

Back 175

yellow to orange in color, found in higher concentrations in people of asian ancestry. same as the pigment in carrots

Front 176

hemoglobin

Back 176

oxygen carrying molecules found in RBCs.

Front 177

erythmia

Back 177

when more blood circulates in the skin as when hot or after exercising, the skin presents itself as red.

Front 178

pallor

Back 178

when blood flow is reduced to the skin and appears less red.

Front 179

cyanotic

Back 179

when blood is deprived of oxygen for long, looks more deep-red/purple.

Front 180

hair

Back 180

protects top of head from injury and sunburn

assists with detection of light touch

protects the eyes, nose and ears from foreign particles and sweat

minimizes heat loss

traps moisture and oils to help reduce friction in the armpits and pubic regions of the body

Front 181

parts of hair

Back 181

shaft

root

bulb

matrix

papillary muscle

Front 182

shaft

Back 182

part of the hair that extends above the surface of the epidermis

Front 183

root

Back 183

part of the hair that lies elow the skin surface, extends into the dermis and someties the subQ layer. surrounded and protected by the hair follicle

Front 184

bulb

Back 184

swelling at the lower part of the hair follicles

Front 185

matrix

Back 185

region of epidermal cells in the hair dollicle that are responsible for hair growth by continual cell division, just like the skin

Front 186

papillary muscle

Back 186

attaches to the epidermal tissue and contracts when the body is cold or when under physiological or emotional stress. pulls on the follicles forcing the hairs to stand erect and causing the skin around the shaft to form slight elevations caled goose bumps

Front 187

goose bumps

Back 187

caused by ther papillary muscle, when follicles are pulled and forces the hairs to stand erect.

Front 188

sebaceous

Back 188

release sebum which is made of triglycerides, chrolesterol, proteins and electrolytes. designed for softening and waterproofing skin, limiting bacterial growth on the skin and keeping hair from getting dried and brittle.

Front 189

sudoriferous

Back 189

release sweat, designed to help the body maintain a constant temperature and help eliminate certain waste materials from the body.

Front 190

ceriminous

Back 190

glands that line the external ear canal and release a sticky waxy substance called cerumen that traps foreign objects and prevents them from reaching the ear drum

Front 191

Nail body

Back 191

exposed visible portion of the nail covering the end of the fingers and toes

Front 192

nail root

Back 192

portion of the nail under the epidermis, located in an epidermal fold similart to the hair root in the hair follicle

Front 193

free edge

Back 193

portion that extends beyond the end of the digit, part that you cut.

Front 194

nail bed

Back 194

thickened region of the epidermis under the portion of the nail that extends beyond the end of the difits and serves as anchor to nail to the finger tip

Front 195

thermoregulation

Back 195

as body temperature increases, the sweat glands produce perspiration, as perspiration evaportates, the skin is cooled and body temperature returns to normal

Front 196

protection

Back 196

skin serves as a barrier to dehydration (loss of water) microbial invasion, ultraviolet radiation from the sun, against the abrasion.

Front 197

cutaneous sensation

Back 197

skin contains many nerve endings sensitive to touch, pressure , pain and temperature

Front 198

excretion and absorption

Back 198

small amounts of water, salts and some organic chemicals are released from the body in the sweat we perspire.

Front 199

sythesis of vitamin D

Back 199

exposure to the sun helps with the production of this vitamin, which is converted to the hormone calcitrol, important in the absorption of calcium and phoshorus. can be found in milk and obtained from the sun

Front 200

epidermal wounds

Back 200

involve the superficial epidermis of the skin. cells attached to the basement membrane migrate to injury and undergo cell division, replacing the damaged or lost cells.

Front 201

deep wounds

Back 201

extend into the dermis and sub Q layers. healing is more complicated and conssist of four phases

Front 202

phases of deep wound healing

Back 202

inflamatory phase

migratory phase

proliferative phase

maturation phase

Front 203

first degree burn

Back 203

involves only the epidermis. mostly mild pain and erythema (redness)

Front 204

second degree burn

Back 204

involves the entire epidermis and part of dermis. redness, edema (tissue swelling) pain and the formation of blisters.

Front 205

third degree burn

Back 205

involves the epidermis, dermis and parts of the subQ layers including the epidermal accessory organs. characterized by marble-white to charred tissue that appears black with edema in the area and numbness due to damage to nerve endings.