A&p 1 Chapter 1

Front 1

Define Anatomy

Back 1

The study of structure and form.

Derived from the Greek word anatome which means to cut apart or dissect.

Front 2

Define Physiology

Back 2

The study of function of the body parts.

Front 3

Scientific Method

Back 3

A systematicand rigorous process by which scientists:

-Examine natural events (or phenomena) through observation

-Develop hypothesis for explaining these phenomena

-Experiment and test the hypothesis through the collection of data

-Determine if the data support the hypothesis, or if the hpothesis needs to be rejected or modified

Front 4

Microscopic anatomy

Back 4

examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye

Front 5

How are most microscopic anatomy studies conducted?

Back 5

For most of these studies, scientists prepare individual cells or thin slices of some part of the body and examine these specimens under the microscope.

Front 6

Microscopic anatomy has several subdivisions with these two main divisions

Back 6

Cystology and Histology

Front 7

Define Cystology

Back 7

the study of body cells and their internal structure

Front 8

Define Histology

Back 8

the sutdy of tissues

Front 9

What is Gross anatomy?

Back 9

Also called MACROscopic anatomy, investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visibleto the unaided eye.

Example: intetines, stomach, brain, heart and kidneys.

Front 10

How are macroscopic investigations performed?

Back 10

Specimines or their parts are often disected (cut open) for examination

Front 11

What are 5 different ways to approach Gross Anatomy?

Back 11

1. Systemic anatomy

2. Regional anatomy

3. Surface anatomy

4. Comparative anatomy

5. Embryology

Front 12

What is systemic anatomy?

Back 12

It studies the anatomy of each functional body system.

Example: Studying the urinary system would involve examining the kidneys (where urine is formed) and the organs of urine transport (ureters and urethra) and storage (urinary bladder). Most undergraduate anatomy and physiology classes use this systemic approach.

Front 13

What is regional anatomy?

Back 13

Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit.

Example: One may study the axillary (armpit) region of the body, and in so doing examine the blood vessels (axillary artery and vein), nerves (branhes of the brachial plexus), lymph nodes (azillary lymph nodes), musculature, connective tissue, and skin. Most medical school gross anatomy courses are taught using a regional anaotmy approach.

Front 14

What is surface anatomy?

Back 14

Focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internalbody structures that relate to the skin covering them.

Health-care providers use surface features to identify and locate important landmarks, such as pulse locations or the proper body region on which to perform cardiopulmonart resuscitation (CPR).

Most anatomy and physiology classes also instruct students on important surface anatomy locations.

Front 15

What is comparative anatomy?

Back 15

exmines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species.

Example: a comparative anatomy class may examine limb structure in humans, chimps, dogs, and cats.

Front 16

What is embryology?

Back 16

the discipline concerned with developmental changes occuring from conception to birth

Front 17

What is pathologic anatomy?

Back 17

Examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease. Both gross anatomic changes and microscopic structures are examined.

Front 18

What is radioscopic anatomy?

Back 18

Investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures, such as sonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or x-ray.

Front 19

What subdiscipline of anatomy may explore how the lower limb differs between humans nd chimpanzees?

Back 19

Comparative anatomy

Front 20

What is cardiovascular physiology?

Back 20

examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Cardiovascular physiologists examine how the heart pumps the blood, what are the parameters for healthy blood pressure, and details of the cellular exchange mechanisms by which respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastesmove between blood and body structures.

Front 21

What is neurophysiology?

Back 21

examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system

Front 22

What is respiratory physiology?

Back 22

studis how respiratory gaes are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels

Front 23

What is reproductive physiology?

Back 23

Exploreshow te regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation.

Front 24

What is pathophysiology?

Back 24

Investigates the relationships between the functioning of an organ system and disease or infury to that organ system.

Example: a pathophysiologist would examine how blood pressure, contractile force of the heart, and both gas and nutrient exchange may be affected in an individual afflicted with heart disease.

Front 25

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Back 25

The sciences of anatomy and physiology are intertwined; one must have some understanding of anatomic form to study physiologic functionof a structure. Likewise, one cannot adequately describe and understand the anatomic form of an organ without learning that organ's function.

Front 26

_______________physiology examines how the heart, blood vessels, and blood function.

Back 26

Cardiovascular

Front 27

What are the properties common to all organisms including humans?

Back 27

1. Organization

2. Metabolism

3. Growth & Development

4. Responsiveness

5. Regulation

6. Reproduction

Front 28

What is metabolism?

Back 28

The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body. It consists of both anabolism and catabolism.

Front 29

What is anabolism?

Back 29

Small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

Front 30

What is catabolism?

Back 30

Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

Front 31

What is stimuli?

Back 31

Changes in the external or internal enviornment

Front 32

What does it mean if an organism is "responsive," and how dows this characteristic relate to the survival of this organism?

Back 32

It means said organism has the ability to sense and react to stimuli. For example, a stimulis to the skin of the hands, such as an extremely hot temperature, causes the human to withdraw the hand from the stimulus so as to prevent injury or damage.

Front 33

What are the levels of complex organization in humans?

Back 33

-Chemical Level

-Cellular Level

-Tissue Level

-Organ Level

-Organ System Level

-Organismal Level

Front 34

Describe the chemical level

Back 34

The simplest level. Involves atoms and molecules

Atoms

Molecules

Macromolecules

Organelles

Front 35

Describe Cellular Level

Back 35

Consists of cells, the smallest living structures that serve as basic units of structure and function in organisms.

Cells and their components are formed from the atoms and molecules from the chemical level.

Front 36

Describe the tissue level

Back 36

Consists of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that perform common functions.

Front 37

What are the 4 major types of tissues?

Back 37

Epithelial tissue - covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities.

Connective tissue- protects, supports, and binds structures and organs.

Muscle tissue- produces movement

Nervous tissue- conducts nerve impulses for communication.

Front 38

Describe the Organ Level

Back 38

Composed of organs, which contain 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

Front 39

Describe the Organ System Level

Back 39

Contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve common function.

Front 40

Describe the organismal level

Back 40

The highest level of structural organization in the body.

All body systems function interdependently in an organism, which is the living being.

Front 41

Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?

Back 41

Urinary System

Front 42

How do you find the umbilicus without a skin layer?

Back 42

Find the L3 and L4

Front 43

What is a receptor?

Back 43

The structure that detects changes in a variable.

The structure that detects changes in a variable, the STIMULUS

Example: Change in Temperature

Front 44

Describe Control Center

Back 44

The structure that interprets input from the receptor

Initiates changes through the effector

A portion of the nercous system or an endocrine organ

Front 45

Describe Effector

Back 45

The structure that brings about change to alter the stimulus

Most body structures ie muscles or glands

Front 46

What is the main difference between a homeostatic system regulated by negative fedback verses positive feedback?

Back 46

When a variable is regulated by negative feedback, the variable fluctuates around a set point whereas positive feedback results in the stimulus being reinforced until a climactic event occurs, and then the body returns to homeostasis.

Front 47

What are the components of a homeostatic control mechanim?

Back 47

Stimulus (Temperature, stretch in muscle, etc.)

Receptor (Sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptors in muscle, etc.)

Control Center (usually brain or endocrine gland)

Effector (muscle gland; structure that brings about a change to the stimulus)

Front 48

What is an example of homeostatic imbalance?

Back 48

Diabetes